ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2023
Infectious virus shedding duration reflects secretory IgA antibody response latency after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Mucosal Immunoglobulin A in Clinical Saliva Samples After a Dose of Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine.Journal of medical virology · 2025Trial
- Safety and Immunogenicity of aerosolized adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccine and intramuscular mRNA vaccine bivalent boosters: a randomized open-label clinical trial.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Harnessing mucosal immunity for protective vaccines.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- mRNA COVID-19 vaccination induces minimal IgA in saliva in the absence of prior clinical or subclinical infection.Vaccine · 2026Article
- Vaccination and hybrid immunity is associated with SARS-CoV-2 protection but not shedding duration in rural Guatemalan households.Research square · 2026Article
- Building better antibody responses: The interplay of infection, vaccination, and immune imprinting.PNAS nexus · 2026Review
- Next-generation mucosal vaccines for respiratory viruses: Immunological correlates, platform design and clinical translation.World journal of virology · 2026Review
- Article
- Intranasal hemagglutinin protein boosters induce protective mucosal immunity against influenza A viruses in mice.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Mucosal immunity and vaccination strategies: current insights and future perspectives.Molecular biomedicine · 2025Review
- Mucosal unadjuvanted booster vaccines elicit local IgA responses by conversion of pre-existing immunity in mice.Nature immunology · 2025Article
- Serum anti-nucleocapsid antibody correlates of protection from SARS-CoV-2 re-infection regardless of symptoms or immune history.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Nasal vaccines for respiratory infections.Nature · 2025Review
- Epidemiology and Mortality Risk of Severe Viral Pneumonia During the Pre-Pandemic, COVID-19 Pandemic and Post-Pandemic Era: A Retrospective Study of Hospitalized Children in ShenZhen, China Between 2017 and 2023.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2025Article
- Bacterial lysates in modifying sIgA levels in the upper respiratory tract in COVID-19 patients.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Relationship Between Acute SARS-CoV-2 Viral Clearance and Long COVID-19 (Long COVID) Symptoms: A Cohort Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Early, Robust Mucosal Secretory Immunoglobulin A but not Immunoglobulin G Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Spike in Oral Fluid Is Associated With Faster Viral Clearance and Coronavirus Disease 2019 Symptom Resolution.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Respiratory syncytial virus vaccines for toddlers and school-aged children: a pressing necessity for global health.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Heterologous prime-pull mucosal vaccination with an adjuvanted RBD vaccine elicits robust IgA production and protects against SARS-CoV-2.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 correlates of protection from infection against variants of concern.Nature medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
42 authors at 17 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Infectious virus shedding from individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is used to estimate human-to-human transmission risk. Control of SARS-CoV-2 transmission requires identifying the immune correlates that protect infectious virus shedding. Mucosal immunity prevents infection by SARS-CoV-2, which replicates in the respiratory epithelium and spreads rapidly to other hosts. However, whether mucosal immunity prevents the shedding of the infectious virus in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals is unknown. We examined the relationship between viral RNA shedding dynamics, duration of infectious virus shedding, and mucosal antibody responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Anti-spike secretory IgA antibodies (S-IgA) reduced viral RNA load and infectivity more than anti-spike IgG/IgA antibodies in infected nasopharyngeal samples. Compared with the IgG/IgA response, the anti-spike S-IgA post-infection responses affected the viral RNA shedding dynamics and predicted the duration of infectious virus shedding regardless of the immune history. These findings highlight the importance of anti-spike S-IgA responses in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 for preventing infectious virus shedding and SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Developing medical countermeasures to shorten S-IgA response time may help control human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection and prevent future respiratory virus pandemics.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.