ArticleJAMA ophthalmology2024
Definition and Diagnostic Criteria for Pediatric Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis.
Article in JAMA ophthalmology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical characteristics and preliminary retrospective evidence of adjunctive efficacy of intense pulsed light therapy for Demodex-associated blepharokeratoconjunctivitis: a single-center study.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- In Vivo Confocal Microscopy Revealed Alteration of Limbal Stem Cells and Sub-Basal Nerve Plexus in Allergic and Dry Eye-Related Ocular Surface Diseases.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Article
- Recurrent Red Eye Misdiagnosed as Conjunctivitis: Ocular Rosacea With Corneal Neovascularization in a Young Patient.Cureus · 2026Article
- Sex Differences and Age Distributions in Invasive Treatments for Chalazion and Hordeolum in Japan: A 9-Year Nationwide Claims Study.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Efficacy and safety of cyclosporine 1% eye drops for the treatment of pediatric blepharokeratoconjunctivitis.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Differential tear metabolomics in blepharokeratoconjunctivitis and herpes simplex keratitis: potential biomarkers for clinical differentiation.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Advances in the Medical Management of Pediatric Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis.Advances in therapy · 2026Review
- Pediatric blepharokeratoconjunctivitis: findings and outcomes in Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic patients.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Ocular Rosacea: An Updated Review.Cornea · 2025Review
- Dual Role ofMicroorganisms · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 12 institutions in 9 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Importance: Pediatric blepharokeratoconjunctivitis (PBKC) is a chronic, sight-threatening inflammatory ocular surface disease. Due to the lack of unified terminology and diagnostic criteria, nonspecific symptoms and signs, and the challenge of differentiation from similar ocular surface disorders, PBKC may be frequently unrecognized or diagnosed late. Objective: To establish a consensus on the nomenclature, definition, and diagnostic criteria of PBKC. Design, Setting, and Participants: This quality improvement study used expert panel and agreement applying the non-RAND modified Delphi method and open discussions to identify unified nomenclature, definition, and definitive diagnostic criteria for PBKC. The study was conducted between September 1, 2021, and August 14, 2022. Consensus activities were carried out through electronic surveys via email and online virtual meetings. Results: Of 16 expert international panelists (pediatric ophthalmologists or cornea and external diseases specialists) chosen by specific inclusion criteria, including their contribution to scientific leadership and research in PBKC, 14 (87.5%) participated in the consensus. The name proposed was "pediatric blepharokeratoconjunctivitis," and the agreed-on definition was "Pediatric blepharokeratoconjunctivitis is a frequently underdiagnosed, sight-threatening, chronic, and recurrent inflammatory eyelid margin disease associated with ocular surface involvement affecting children and adolescents. Its clinical spectrum includes chronic blepharitis, meibomitis, conjunctivitis, and corneal involvement ranging from superficial punctate keratitis to corneal infiltrates with vascularization and scarring." The diagnostic criteria included 1 or more suggestive symptoms accompanied by clinical signs from 3 anatomical regions: the eyelid margin, conjunctiva, and cornea. For PBKC suspect, the same criteria were included except for corneal involvement. Conclusions and Relevance: The agreements on the name, definition, and proposed diagnostic criteria of PBKC may help ophthalmologists avoid diagnostic confusion and recognize the disease early to establish adequate therapy and avoid sight-threatening complications. The diagnostic criteria rely on published evidence, analysis of simulated clinical cases, and the expert panel's clinical experience, requiring further validation with real patient data analysis.
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