A high-fidelity virtual liver model incorporating biological characteristics.

Flexible tissue modeling plays an important role in the field of telemedicine. It is related to whether the soft tissue deformation process can be accurately, real-time and vividly simulated during surgery. However, most existing models lack the unique biological characteristics. To solve this problem, we proposed a high-fidelity virtual liver model incorporating biological characteristics, such as the viscoelastic, anisotropic and nonlinear biological characteristics. Besides, to the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to introduce the viscoplasticity of biological tissues to improve the fidelity of the liver model. This mothod was proposed to describe the viscoplastic characteristics of the diseased liver resection process, when the liver is in a state of excessive deformation and loss of elasticity, however, there are few works focusing on this problem. The 3DMax2020 and OpenGL4.6 were used to build a liver surgery simulation platform, and the PHANTOM OMNI manual controller was used to sense the feedback force during the operation. The proposed model was verified from three aspects of accuracy, fidelity and real-time performance. The experimental results show that the proposed virtual liver model can enhance visual perception ability, improve deformation accuracy and fidelity.