ArticleFrontiers in immunology2023
Combining CD4 count, CD8 count and CD4/CD8 ratio to predict risk of mortality among HIV-positive adults after therapy: a group-based multi-trajectory analysis.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Three-Year CD4/CD8 Ratio Recovery After Initiation of Dual Versus Triple Integrase Inhibitor-Based Therapy in Naïve Adults With HIV.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Predictive value of peripheral lymphocyte subsets in relation to opportunistic infections in people living with HIV/AIDS.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Long-Term Effectiveness and Tolerability of Dolutegravir/Lamivudine in Korea: A 3-Year Follow Up Study.Infection & chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Anelloviruses: From General Biology to Their Role as Biomarkers of Immune Competence in HIV Infection.Viruses · 2026Review
- Nomogram model for predicting incomplete immune reconstitution in people living with HIV based on clinical characteristics.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Machine learning-derived multivariate renal function trajectories in acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: a multicentre retrospective study.Clinical kidney journal · 2025Article
- How to properly define immunological nonresponse to antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV? an integrative review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Previous studies have indicated different immunological recovery trajectories based on CD4 count or CD4/CD8 ratio. However, these immune indicators are interconnected, and relying solely on one indicator may lead to inaccurate estimates. Therefore, it is essential to develop a comprehensive trajectory model that integrates CD4 count, CD8 count and CD4/CD8 ratio. Methods: We utilized a group-based multi-trajectory model to characterize the latent cluster of recovery based on measurements of CD4 count, CD8 count and CD4/CD8 ratio over a period of up to 96 months following ART initiation. Subsequently, we investigated the characteristics associated with trajectory groups, especially sex and age. Cox model and Kaplan-Meier survival curve were employed to assess differences in all-cause, AIDS-related and non-AIDS related mortality between trajectory groups. Results: A total of 14,718 eligible individuals were followed for a median of 55 months. Longitudinal model identified four subgroups: group 1 (32.5%, low CD4 and CD4/CD8 inversion), group 2 (25.9%, high CD8 and CD4/CD8 inversion), group 3 (27.2%, slow recovery of CD4 and CD4/CD8 inversion) and group 4 (14.4%, rapid increase of CD4 and normal CD4/CD8). Immune recovery was slower in male than in female, and in elders than in youngers. Compared to group 2, group 1 (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]=3.28; 95% CI 2.33-4.60) and group 3 (aHR=1.56; 95% CI 1.09-2.24) had increased risk of all-cause mortality after adjusting for other factors. Besides, group 1 (aHR=2.17) and group 3 (aHR=1.58) had higher risk of non-AIDS related mortality, and group 1 (aHR=5.92) had significantly increased risk of AIDS related mortality. Conclusion: Longitudinal trajectory analysis of multiple immune indicators can be employed to guide targeted interventions among vulnerable populations in clinical practice.
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