ArticleThe Plant cell2024
Tocopherol and phylloquinone biosynthesis in chloroplasts requires the phytol kinase VITAMIN E PATHWAY GENE5 (VTE5) and the farnesol kinase (FOLK).
Article in The Plant cell, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Phytol in Skin Care: From Multidimensional Pharmacological Mechanisms to Nanocarrier-Based Cosmetic Applications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Farnesol and geranylgeraniol in plant reproduction: insights from Arabidopsis and beyond.Journal of experimental botany · 2026Review
- Lipid metabolism and contact site homologs are present at the chloroplast envelope-thylakoid interface.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Salicylic Acid Enhances Cadmium Tolerance inPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A Chemical Probe for Increasing Leaf Tocopherol Levels by Coordinated Modulation of Biosynthesis, Competition and Storage.Plant biotechnology journal · 2026Article
- Review
- Article
- Total tocopherol levels in maize grain depend on chlorophyll biosynthesis within the embryo.BMC plant biology · 2025Article
- A family of α/β hydrolases removes phytol from chlorophyll metabolites for tocopherol biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.The Plant cell · 2025Article
- Dynamic identification of candidate genes associated with higher tocopherol biosynthesis inFrontiers in plant science · 2025Article
- Vitamin E Improves Cellular and Structural Bone Histomorphometry in an Alcohol-Induced Osteoporosis Rat Model.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Comparative Analysis of Phytochemical and Functional Profiles of Arabica Coffee Leaves and Green Beans Across Different Cultivars.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Absence of farnesol salvage inApplied and environmental microbiology · 2024Article
- Genome-wide association study and genotypic variation for the major tocopherol content in rice grain.Frontiers in plant science · 2024Article
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7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Chlorophyll degradation causes the release of phytol, which is converted into phytyl diphosphate (phytyl-PP) by phytol kinase (VITAMIN E PATHWAY GENE5 [VTE5]) and phytyl phosphate (phytyl-P) kinase (VTE6). The kinase pathway is important for tocopherol synthesis, as the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) vte5 mutant contains reduced levels of tocopherol. Arabidopsis harbors one paralog of VTE5, farnesol kinase (FOLK) involved in farnesol phosphorylation. Here, we demonstrate that VTE5 and FOLK harbor kinase activities for phytol, geranylgeraniol, and farnesol with different specificities. While the tocopherol content of the folk mutant is unchanged, vte5-2 folk plants completely lack tocopherol. Tocopherol deficiency in vte5-2 plants can be complemented by overexpression of FOLK, indicating that FOLK is an authentic gene of tocopherol synthesis. The vte5-2 folk plants contain only ∼40% of wild-type amounts of phylloquinone, demonstrating that VTE5 and FOLK both contribute in part to phylloquinone synthesis. Tocotrienol and menaquinone-4 were produced in vte5-2 folk plants after supplementation with homogentisate or 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, respectively, indicating that their synthesis is independent of the VTE5/FOLK pathway. These results show that phytyl moieties for tocopherol synthesis are completely but, for phylloquinone production, only partially derived from geranylgeranyl-chlorophyll and phytol phosphorylation by VTE5 and FOLK.
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