ArticleNeuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology2024
Combined treatment with naloxone and the alpha2 adrenoceptor antagonist atipamezole reversed brain hypoxia induced by a fentanyl-xylazine mixture in a rat model.
Article in Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Management of xylazine toxicity, overdose, dependence, and withdrawal: A systematic review.The American journal on addictions · 2025Pooled it
- Individual differences in behavioral effects of xylazine and opioid-xylazine mixtures in male rats.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Does Kappa Agonism Improve Reversal of 'Tranq-Dope' Overdose? Evidence from a Rodent Model.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Brain oxygen responses induced by arousing stimuli and fentanyl: generalized or structure-specific?American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology · 2026Article
- Xylazine exacerbates fentanyl-induced respiratory depression and prevents rescue by naloxone in mice.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- A Review of Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agents Implicated in Opioid Use Disorder.ACS chemical neuroscience · 2026Review
- The need to incorporate polysubstance use in neuropsychopharmacology research: Biological lessons and new opportunities.Addiction neuroscience · 2026Article
- Pharmacologic Reversal of Xylazine-Induced Unconsciousness in Rats.Anesthesia and analgesia · 2026Article
- The effects of fentanyl and dexmedetomidine on cardiorespiratory activity: implications for morbidity and mortality associated with adulterated fentanyl products.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- The opioid flexion phenotype: postural flexion and nodding in the fentanyl era.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Interactions between cardiorespiratory effects of fentanyl and xylazine and their reversal in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2025Article
- Xylazine exacerbates fentanyl-induced respiratory depression and bradycardia.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2025Article
- Optimization of Ketamine/Xylazine Anesthesia in Geriatric Mice.Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2025Article
- Antagonism of the antinociceptive effects of fentanyl and the veterinary anesthetic xylazine in mice.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2025Article
- The xylazine-fentanyl nexus: A public health emergency.SAGE open medicine · 2025Review
- Hypoxic effects of heroin and fentanyl and their basic physiological mechanisms.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2024Review
- Article
- Oxygen fluctuations in the brain and periphery induced by intravenous fentanyl: effects of dose and drug experience.Journal of neurophysiology · 2024Article
- Xylazine is an agonist at kappa opioid receptors and exhibits sex-specific responses to opioid antagonism.Addiction neuroscience · 2024Article
- Brain oxygen responses induced by opioids: focus on heroin, fentanyl, and their adulterants.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Xylazine, a veterinary tranquillizer known by drug users as "Tranq", is being increasingly detected in people who overdose on opioid drugs, indicating enhanced health risk of fentanyl-xylazine mixtures. We recently found that xylazine potentiates fentanyl- and heroin-induced brain hypoxia and eliminates the rebound-like post-hypoxic oxygen increases. Here, we used oxygen sensors coupled with high-speed amperometry in rats of both sexes to explore the treatment potential of naloxone plus atipamezole, a selective α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, in reversing brain (nucleus accumbens) and periphery (subcutaneous space) hypoxia induced by a fentanyl-xylazine mixture. Pretreatment with naloxone (0.2 mg/kg, IV) fully blocked brain and peripheral hypoxia induced by fentanyl (20 μg/kg, IV), but only partially decreased hypoxia induced by a fentanyl-xylazine mixture. Pretreatment with atipamezole (0.25 mg/kg, IV) fully blocked the hypoxic effects of xylazine (1.0 mg/kg, IV), but not fentanyl. Pretreatment with atipamezole + naloxone was more potent than naloxone alone in blocking the hypoxic effects of the fentanyl-xylazine mixture. Both naloxone and naloxone + atipamezole, delivered at the peak of brain hypoxia (3 min post fentanyl-xylazine exposure), reversed the rapid initial brain hypoxia, but only naloxone + atipamezole decreased the prolonged weaker hypoxia. There were no sex differences in the effects of the different drugs and their combinations on brain and peripheral oxygen responses. Results indicate that combined treatment with naloxone and atipamezole is more effective than naloxone alone in reversing the hypoxic effects of fentanyl-xylazine mixtures. Naloxone + atipamezole treatment should be considered in preventing overdoses induced by fentanyl-xylazine mixtures in humans.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.