ArticleFrontiers in endocrinology2023
The effect of hypothyroidism on the risk of diabetes and its microvascular complications: a Mendelian randomization study.
Article in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Causal Risk Factors for Type 1 Diabetes in Mendelian Randomization Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Review
- Association between free triiodothyronine, resting metabolic rate, systemic immune-inflammation index levels and diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients with euthyroidism.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Thyroid hormone signaling in ocular development and diseases.Biological research · 2025Review
- Association between thyroid dysfunction and diabetic retinopathy: a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2024Article
- Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Retinal Development and Function: Implications for Diabetic Retinopathy and Age-Related Macular Degeneration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Context: Several observational studies have found that hypothyroidism is associated with diabetes and its microvascular complications. However, the cause and effect have not been clarified. Objective: The aim of the study was to examine the causality of such associations by a Mendelian randomization study. Methods: Two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis was conducted to investigate the associations. Summary statistics for hypothyroidism were from the UK Biobank, and diabetes and its microvascular complications were from the largest available genome-wide association studies. MR-Egger, weighted median, inverse variance weighted, simple mode and weighted mode were used to examine the causal associations, and several sensitivity analyses were used to assess pleiotropy. Results: Inverse variance weighted estimates suggested that hypothyroidism was associated with type 1 diabetes and type 1 diabetes with renal complications (β= 9.059926, se= 1.762903, P = 2.76E-07 and β= 10.18375, se= 2.021879, P = 4.73E-07, respectively) but not type 2 diabetes and type 2 diabetes with renal complications. In addition, hypothyroidism was positively associated with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (β= 8.427943, se= 2.142493, P = 8.36E-05 and β= 3.100939, se= 0.74956, P=3.52E-05, respectively). Conclusions: The study identified the causal roles of hypothyroidism in diabetes and its microvascular complications. Hypothyroidism can lead to type 1 diabetes, type 1 diabetes with renal complications, severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
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