How mechanics of individual muscle-tendon units define knee and ankle joint function in health and cerebral palsy-a narrative review.

This study reviews the relationship between muscle-tendon biomechanics and joint function, with a particular focus on how cerebral palsy (CP) affects this relationship. In healthy individuals, muscle size is a critical determinant of strength, with muscle volume, cross-sectional area, and moment arm correlating with knee and ankle joint torque for different isometric/isokinetic contractions. However, in CP, impaired muscle growth contributes to joint pathophysiology even though only a limited number of studies have investigated the impact of deficits in muscle size on pathological joint function. As muscles are the primary factors determining joint torque, in this review two main approaches used for muscle force quantification are discussed. The direct quantification of individual muscle forces from their relevant tendons through intraoperative approaches holds a high potential for characterizing healthy and diseased muscles but poses challenges due to the invasive nature of the technique. On the other hand, musculoskeletal models, using an inverse dynamic approach, can predict muscle forces, but rely on several assumptions and have inherent limitations. Neither technique has become established in routine clinical practice. Nevertheless, identifying the relative contribution of each muscle to the overall joint moment would be key for diagnosis and formulating efficient treatment strategies for patients with CP. This review emphasizes the necessity of implementing the intraoperative approach into general surgical practice, particularly for joint correction operations in diverse patient groups. Obtaining