ReviewNPJ Parkinson's disease2023
Towards improved screening of toxins for Parkinson's risk.
Review in NPJ Parkinson's disease, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Enteric Nervous System Damage by Food Contaminants: A Pathway to Neurodegeneration?Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety · 2026Pooled it
- Chronic Paraquat Neurotoxicity and Dopaminergic Degeneration: A Mechanistic Review.Chemistry & biodiversity · 2026Review
- DYRK1A and Parkinson's disease, facts and hypotheses.Neurobiology of disease · 2026Review
- The Parkinson's pandemic: prioritizing environmental policy and biological resilience via the gut.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Early-Onset Parkinson's Disease: Unique Features and Management Approaches.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2025Review
- A PLAN to address the Parkinson pandemic.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2025Review
- Inhibition of Mitochondrial Complex III Causes Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration by Redox Stress inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Neuroprotective Effects of Metformin Through the Modulation of Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress.Cells · 2025Review
- Motor Cortex Disinhibition Correlates with Olfactory Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2025Article
- Rotenone Exposure During Development Conditions Parkinsonian Phenotype in Young Adult Rats.Toxics · 2025Article
- Review
- Leveraging Administrative Health Databases to Address Health Challenges in Farming Populations: Scoping Review and Bibliometric Analysis (1975-2024).JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Article
- Investigating Parkinson's disease risk across farming activities using data mining and large-scale administrative health data.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
- Review
- Targets to Search for New Pharmacological Treatment in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease According to the Single-Neuron Degeneration Model.Biomolecules · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive and disabling neurodegenerative disorder. The prevalence of PD has risen considerably over the past decades. A growing body of evidence suggest that exposure to environmental toxins, including pesticides, solvents and heavy metals (collectively called toxins), is at least in part responsible for this rapid growth. It is worrying that the current screening procedures being applied internationally to test for possible neurotoxicity of specific compounds offer inadequate insights into the risk of developing PD in humans. Improved screening procedures are therefore urgently needed. Our review first substantiates current evidence on the relation between exposure to environmental toxins and the risk of developing PD. We subsequently propose to replace the current standard toxin screening by a well-controlled multi-tier toxin screening involving the following steps: in silico studies (tier 1) followed by in vitro tests (tier 2), aiming to prioritize agents with human relevant routes of exposure. More in depth studies can be undertaken in tier 3, with whole-organism (in)vertebrate models. Tier 4 has a dedicated focus on cell loss in the substantia nigra and on the presumed mechanisms of neurotoxicity in rodent models, which are required to confirm or refute the possible neurotoxicity of any individual compound. This improved screening procedure should not only evaluate new pesticides that seek access to the market, but also critically assess all pesticides that are being used today, acknowledging that none of these has ever been proven to be safe from a perspective of PD. Importantly, the improved screening procedures should not just assess the neurotoxic risk of isolated compounds, but should also specifically look at the cumulative risk conveyed by exposure to commonly used combinations of pesticides (cocktails). The worldwide implementation of such an improved screening procedure, would be an essential step for policy makers and governments to recognize PD-related environmental risk factors.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.