ArticleBJPsych open2023
The long-term effects of consecutive COVID-19 waves on mental health.
Article in BJPsych open, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- The long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental and psychiatric service utilization in Iran: a 7-year longitudinal study from 2017 to 2024.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Levels and correlates of pandemic anxiety in people living with rare diseases: a cross-sectional analysis using a structural equation model.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2026Article
- Psychological Well-Being, Substance Use, and Internet Consumption Among Students and Teaching Staff of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine: Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Well-Being and Dissatisfaction.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Unexpected effects of pandemic-related changes on mental health: Evidence from a nationwide survey in South Korea.PloS one · 2025Article
- Article
- The Expanding Burden of Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Unmet Medical and Social Need.Aging and disease · 2024Review
- Post COVID-19 Reflections and Questions: How Prepared Are We for the Next Pandemic?International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough several studies have documented the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, the long-term effects remain unclear.
aimsTo examine longitudinal changes in mental health before and during the consecutive COVID-19 waves in a well-established probability sample.
methodAn online survey was completed by the participants of the COVID-19 add-on study at four time points: pre-COVID-19 period (2014-2015,
resultsDuring the pandemic, we observed a significant increase in stress levels (standardised
conclusionsThe surge in stress levels and depressive symptoms persisted across all three consecutive COVID-19 waves. This persistence is attributable to the effects of secondary stressors, and particularly to the status of mental health before the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings reveal mechanisms underlying the surge in mental health difficulties during the COVID-19 waves, with direct implications for strategies promoting mental health during pandemics.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.