ArticleInternational journal of epidemiology2024
Association of hormonal and reproductive factors with differentiated thyroid cancer risk in women: a pooled prospective cohort analysis.
Article in International journal of epidemiology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genetic drivers of etiologic heterogeneity in thyroid cancer.Nature communications · 2026Pooled it
- Medically Assisted Reproduction and Hormone-Related Cancers.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Parity as a Risk Factor for Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: A Population-based Study.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- Exploratory Statistical Analyses of Clinical and Biochemical Factors for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer from a Romanian Cohort.Cancers · 2026Article
- Childhood and Adolescent Factors and Thyroid Cancer Incidence in Adult Women in the Sister Study Cohort.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2026Article
- Global landscape of early-onset thyroid cancer: current burden, temporal trend and future projections on the basis of GLOBOCAN 2022.Journal of global health · 2025Article
- Narrative overview of possible preventive measures for differentiated thyroid carcinomas.Heliyon · 2025Review
- Global, regional, and national burden of thyroid cancer in women of child-bearing age, 1990 to 2021 and predictions to 2035: An analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Mimicking women's endocrine milieu in mice for women's health-related studies.npj women's health · 2025Article
- Early-pregnancy sex steroid and thyroid function hormones, thyroid autoimmunity, and maternal papillary thyroid cancer incidence in the Finnish Maternity Cohort.International journal of cancer · 2024Article
- Reproductive Factors and Thyroid Cancer Risk: The Multiethnic Cohort Study.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2024Article
- Novel insights into rosacea's role in cancer risk: A Mendelian randomization approach.Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
29 authors at 20 institutions in 7 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is higher in women than in men but whether sex steroid hormones contribute to this difference remains unclear. Studies of reproductive and hormonal factors and thyroid cancer risk have provided inconsistent results.
methodsOriginal data from 1 252 907 women in 16 cohorts in North America, Europe, Australia and Asia were combined to evaluate associations of DTC risk with reproductive and hormonal factors. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs.
resultsDuring follow-up, 2142 women were diagnosed with DTC. Factors associated with higher risk of DTC included younger age at menarche (<10 vs 10-11 years; HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.00-1.64), younger (<40; HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.05-1.62) and older (≥55; HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.05-1.68) ages at menopause (vs 40-44 years), ever use of menopausal hormone therapy (HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.02-1.33) and previous hysterectomy (HR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.13-1.39) or bilateral oophorectomy (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.00-1.29). Factors associated with lower risk included longer-term use (≥5 vs <5 years) of oral contraceptives (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.76-0.96) among those who ever used oral contraception and baseline post-menopausal status (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.70-0.96). No associations were observed for parity, duration of menopausal hormone therapy use or lifetime number of reproductive years or ovulatory cycles.
conclusionsOur study provides some evidence linking reproductive and hormonal factors with risk of DTC. Results should be interpreted cautiously considering the modest strength of the associations and potential for exposure misclassification and detection bias. Prospective studies of pre-diagnostic circulating sex steroid hormone measurements and DTC risk may provide additional insight.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.