Musculoskeletal and Psychological Rehabilitation.

Background: Although it has long been believed that stress has a detrimental effect on health and the risk of disease, little research has been done on the precise mechanisms by which this happens. The literature produced by past workers suggests many possibly intersecting mechanistic pathways that might be useful for future fundamental and clinical study. Exercise has been thoroughly researched as a non-pharmacologic strategy to increase bone mass. Many evidence-based treatment recommendations for patients suffering from osteoporosis-related fractures, potential courses of care, and rehabilitation concur that multidisciplinary therapy would be the most beneficial. Materials and Methods: Older and recent articles about musculoskeletal and psychological rehabilitation in the management of osteoporosis published in prominent and reputed journals are reviewed. Important and interesting information from some of the cross-references is also included. Opinions and impressions from the experience of treating osteoporosis are added while describing various aspects of psychological and physical rehabilitation. Results: The recent evidence, reviewed here, also indicates the possibility of cross-effects between osteoporosis and psychological issues. A multi-factorial and personalised strategy should be explored for improved outcomes in patients under psychological stress, particularly those at increased risk of osteoporosis development. Reviewing current publications, the objectives of rehabilitation are evolving based on the disease's stage. For example, during the initial stage of a vertebral body collapse, the patient is treated with bracing, physical therapy, education, local and systemic analgesics, and a brief period of bed rest. The need to mobilise the patient carefully and safely along with a mix of medical care, dietary supplements, rehabilitation, and instructions to facilitate daily living activities, are endorsed to manage post-fracture osteoporosis. Conclusion: This chapter is not to make treatment advice, but rather to outline potential connections between psychological stress and low bone density and to emphasise potential multi-system consequences of pharmaceutical therapies. The goal is to enhance activities of daily living, which will increase safety, minimise falls, and maintain bone mass. Osteoporosis and fragility fractures can be prevented and managed with regular medical check-ups, daily exercise and yoga, a healthy diet, fall prevention measures, recreational group activities, supportive medications, control of comorbidities, use of assistive devices, and customised rehabilitation programmes.