SynthesisMolecular psychiatry2024
Peripheral immune function and Alzheimer's disease: a living systematic review and critical appraisal.
Synthesis in Molecular psychiatry, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Associations between immunosenescence and domain-specific cognition in the Health and Retirement Study Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol.BMC biology · 2026Article
- Splenic treg-related immunoregulation in the spleen-brain axis of alzheimer's disease: mechanisms and translational strategies.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Peripheral immunosenescence biomarkers and longitudinal cognitive decline: a large population-based study.npj aging · 2026Article
- Interplay of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in alzheimer's: insights into age-driven pathogenesis.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Cumulative burden of depression and domain-specific cognitive impairment over time in the women's interagency HIV study: A marginal structural model approach.Journal of affective disorders · 2026Article
- Anemia, iron deficiency, and blood biomarkers for Alzheimer disease: clinical interpretation and dementia risk stratification.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Article
- Age-dependent associations of peripheral inflammatory biomarkers with cognition and brain structural abnormalities in patients with Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease-related mild cognitive impairment.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Article
- DNA methylation age acceleration mediates the relationship between systemic inflammation and cognitive impairment.Epigenomics · 2025Article
- Proteomic signatures and mitochondrial dysfunctions in peripheral T cells reveal novel ınsights into Alzheimer's disease.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Mitochondrial Alterations in Alzheimer's Disease: Insight from the 5xFAD Mouse Model.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and cognitive function before middle age in a U.S. representative population-based study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Article
- Decoding microglial functions in Alzheimer's disease: insights from human models.Trends in immunology · 2025Review
- Compositional analysis of lymphocytes and their relationship with health outcomes: findings from the health and retirement study.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2025Article
- Crosstalk between bone and brain in Alzheimer's disease: Mechanisms, applications, and perspectives.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Review
- The mediating role of systemic inflammation and moderating role of racialization in disparities in incident dementia.Communications medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 7 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundA growing body of literature examines the relationship between peripheral immune function and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) in human populations. Our living systematic review summarizes the characteristics and findings of these studies, appraises their quality, and formulates recommendations for future research.
methodsWe searched the electronic databases PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science, and reviewed references of previous reviews and meta-analyses to identify human studies examining the relationship between any peripheral immune biomarkers and AD up to September 7th, 2023. We examined patterns of reported statistical associations (positive, negative, and null) between each biomarker and AD across studies. Evidence for each biomarker was categorized into four groups based on the proportion of studies reporting different associations: corroborating a positive association with AD, a negative association, a null association, and presenting contradictory findings. A modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) was employed to assess the quality of the included studies.
findingsIn total, 286 studies were included in this review. The majority were cross-sectional (n = 245, 85.7%) and hospital-based (n = 248, 86.7%), examining relationships between 187 different peripheral immune biomarkers and AD. Cytokines were the most frequently studied group of peripheral immune biomarkers. Evidence supported a positive association with AD for six biomarkers, including IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, ACT, IL-18, and IL-12, and a negative association for two biomarkers, including lymphocytes and IL-6R. Only a small proportion of included studies (n = 22, 7.7%) were deemed to be of high quality based on quality assessment.
interpretationExisting research on peripheral immune function and AD exhibits substantial methodological variations and limitations, with a notable lack of longitudinal, population-based studies investigating a broad range of biomarkers with prospective AD outcomes. The extent and manner in which peripheral immune function can contribute to AD pathophysiology remain open questions. Given the biomarkers that we identified to be associated with AD, we posit that targeting peripheral immune dysregulation may present a promising intervention point to reduce the burden of AD.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.