ReviewFrontiers in microbiology2023
A cooperativity between virus and bacteria during respiratory infections.
Review in Frontiers in microbiology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mechanistic Models of Virus-Bacteria Co-Infections in Humans: A Systematic Review of Methods and Assumptions.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Pooled it
- Decoding the shared genetic liability of lower respiratory tract infections via genomic structural equation modeling.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Article
- The impact of influenza vaccination on the clinical severity of influenza among children aged 6 months to 6 years living in the community: a prospective cohort study.Clinical and experimental vaccine research · 2026Article
- The controversial interplay between hyperinflammation and immunosenescence in elderly critically ill co-infected patients.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Microbial spectrum, co-detection patterns, and clinical correlations in 10,153 hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections: a large-scale tNGS analysis.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- The temporal sequence of influenza H1N1 andFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Endobronchial abnormalities and bronchoalveolar lavage findings in children with severe pneumonia andFrontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- The intersection between human metapneumovirus and the respiratory microbiome.Virology journal · 2025Review
- Respiratory viral coinfections: interactions, mechanisms and clinical implications.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2025Review
- Post-COVID-19 disruption of the respiratory microbiome modulatesEmerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Data-driven strategies for drug repurposing: insights, recommendations, and case studies.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2025Article
- Nasal-spraying Bacillus spore probiotics for pneumonia in children with respiratory syncytial virus and bacterial co-infections: a randomized clinical trial.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Nanoparticle-Driven Modulation of Mucosal Immunity and Interplay with the Microbiome.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Review
- CrAssphage distribution analysis in an Amazonian river based on metagenomic sequencing data and georeferencing.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Impact of Acute Respiratory Infections on Medical Absenteeism Among Military Personnel: Retrospective Cohort Study.JMIR formative research · 2025Article
- Harnessing Epigenetics: Innovative Approaches in Diagnosing and Combating Viral Acute Respiratory Infections.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Fungal and bacterial pathogenic co-infections mainly lead to the assembly of microbial community in tobacco stems.Open life sciences · 2025Article
- Emergence of a Novel Canine Distemper Virus Variant in Urbanized Free-Ranging Marmosets (Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2025Article
- Bacterial and Viral Co-Infections in COVID-19 Patients: Etiology and Clinical Impact.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The burden is further increased by polymicrobial infection or viral and bacterial co-infection, often exacerbating the existing condition. Way back in 1918, high morbidity due to secondary pneumonia caused by bacterial infection was known, and a similar phenomenon was observed during the recent COVID-19 pandemic in which secondary bacterial infection worsens the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) condition. It has been observed that viruses paved the way for subsequent bacterial infection; similarly, bacteria have also been found to aid in viral infection. Viruses elevate bacterial infection by impairing the host's immune response, disrupting epithelial barrier integrity, expression of surface receptors and adhesion proteins, direct binding of virus to bacteria, altering nutritional immunity, and effecting the bacterial biofilm. Similarly, the bacteria enhance viral infection by altering the host's immune response, up-regulation of adhesion proteins, and activation of viral proteins. During co-infection, respiratory bacterial and viral pathogens were found to adapt and co-exist in the airways of their survival and to benefit from each other, i.e., there is a cooperative existence between the two. This review comprehensively reviews the mechanisms involved in the synergistic/cooperativity relationship between viruses and bacteria and their interaction in clinically relevant respiratory infections.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.