ArticleFrontiers in endocrinology2023
Imaging for assessment of cancer treatment response to immune checkpoint inhibitors can be complementary in identifying hypophysitis.
Article in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Beyond MRI: Unveiling metabolic signatures of primary hypophysitis withJournal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Article
- Immune-Mediated Hypophysitis: An Updated Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Association between tumor genomic mutations and the risk of PD-1 inhibitor-induced hypophysitis: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Review
- Neuroimaging features of immune-related adverse events due to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.Insights into imaging · 2025Article
- Pituitary enlargement and hypopituitarism in patient with lung cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: Metastasis or hypophysitis? Role of imaging.Radiology case reports · 2025Article
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor induced hypophysitis: a specific disease of corticotrophs?Endocrine connections · 2024Article
- PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor - Related Adverse Events and Their Management in Breast Cancer.Journal of Cancer · 2024Review
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Hypophysitis is reported in 8.5%-14% of patients receiving combination immune checkpoint inhibition (cICI) but can be a diagnostic challenge. This study aimed to assess the role of routine diagnostic imaging performed during therapeutic monitoring of combination anti-CTLA-4/anti-PD-1 treatment in the identification of hypophysitis and the relationship of imaging findings to clinical diagnostic criteria. Methods: This retrospective cohort study identified patients treated with cICI between January 2016 and January 2019 at a quaternary melanoma service. Medical records were reviewed to identify patients with a documented diagnosis of hypophysitis based on clinical criteria. Available structural brain imaging with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) of the brain and 2-deoxy-2-[ Results: There were 162 patients (median age 60 years, 30% female) included. A total of 100 and 134 had serial CT/MRI of the brain and FDG-PET/CT, respectively. There were 31 patients who had a documented diagnosis of hypophysitis and an additional 20 who had isolated pituitary imaging findings. The pituitary gland enlargement was mild, and the largest absolute gland size was 13 mm, with a relative increase of 7 mm from baseline. There were no cases of optic chiasm compression. Pituitary enlargement and increased FDG uptake were universally transient. High-dose glucocorticoid treatment for concurrent irAEs prevented assessment of the pituitary-adrenal axis in 90% of patients with isolated imaging findings. Conclusion: Careful review of changes in pituitary characteristics on imaging performed for assessment of therapeutic response to iICI may lead to increased identification and more prompt management of cICI-induced hypophysitis.
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