ArticleRenal failure2023
Bowel habits were associated with mortality in chronic kidney disease: results from a nationwide prospective cohort study.
Article in Renal failure, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between constipation and risk of cardiovascular or all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis.Annals of medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Article
- Life's Simple 7 and its impact on chronic bowel disorders: a study on constipation and diarrhea in the U.S. adult population.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Constipation symptoms are associated with worse cognitive outcomes in older adults without dementia.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeBowel habits may affect the prognosis in the chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. This study aimed to explore the association of bowel habits with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in CKD.
methods2460 CKD patients in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2005 through 2010 without missing data for bowel habits and mortality were enrolled. Bowel habits including bowel movements (BMs) per week and stools consistency were obtained by standard interview. Mortality status and cause of death were determined by NHANES-linked National Death Index records through 31 December 2015. Cox proportional hazard models and Kaplan-Meier analysis were used to evaluate the association of bowel habits with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.
resultsA total of 2460 CKD patients with an average age of 60.80 ± 0.57 years were enrolled. During an average follow-up of 87.47 ± 0.98 months, 144 cardiovascular and 669 all-cause deaths were documented. Reporting 3 or fewer BMs per week was associated with cardiovascular (HR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.06, 3.17) and all-cause mortality (HR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.20, 2.43). More than 10 BMs per week also increased the risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.45). Hard stools consistency increased the risk of all-cause mortality (HR= 2.00, 95% CI: 1.48, 2.70) compared with those reporting normal stools.
conclusionLow stool frequency and hard stool consistency were associated with an increased risk of mortality in patients with CKD.
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