ArticleJournal of veterinary internal medicine
Relationship between thyroid function and sex hormones in female German shepherd dogs.
Article in Journal of veterinary internal medicine. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- [Thyroid hormone profiles in euthyroid, hypothyroid dogs, and dogs with defined non-thyroidal illness syndrome].Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe K, Kleintiere/Heimtiere · 2026Article
- Sex hormones and functional gastrointestinal disorders in menopausal women.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Repeated thyroid function evaluations in the dog: a retrospective study of 8,309 dogs.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Relationship between thyroid function and sex hormones in female German shepherd dogs.Journal of veterinary internal medicineArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSeveral variables influence the serum concentration of thyroid hormones in dogs, including breed, age, drugs, and concurrent diseases. However, data regarding the interaction between thyroid function and the estrous stage of female dogs are limited. HYPOTHESIS: Estrous stage may influence thyroid function in German Shepherd dogs.
methodsLongitudinal, observational, non-randomized cohort study. The dogs were monitored during the complete estrous cycle, and different stages were determined by vaginal cytology. Two blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of each stage to analyze the following: total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (fT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), free triiodothyronine (fT3), canine thyrotropin (cTSH), progesterone, 17-β-estradiol, triglycerides, and cholesterol concentrations. Hematological and biochemical evaluations were performed at the beginning and end of the study period. ANIMALS: Seventeen German Shepherds were included, of which 7 were bred during the study period. One dog was excluded for estrus interruption and another for suspected hypothyroidism.
resultsSerum concentrations of T4, fT4, and fT3 were negatively correlated with age. Total thyroxine demonstrated significant changes in serum concentrations between estrous stages, with higher concentrations in estrus and diestrus. Total thyroxine concentrations were positively correlated with progesterone concentrations and negatively correlated with 17-β-estradiol concentrations. Free thyroxine did not show significant variations but was positively correlated with progesterone concentrations. Canine TSH concentrations were positively correlated with 17-β-estradiol concentrations. No significant differences in thyroid hormones and cTSH concentrations were observed between diestrus during pregnancy and pseudopregnancy.
conclusionsDifferent stages of estrus can influence the measurement of TT4 in female dogs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.