ArticleBMC public health2023
Trajectories of spherical equivalent refraction from grades 1 to 4 in Chinese children.
Article in BMC public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 citations in OpenAlex.
- Refractive status, visual behaviour, and parental myopia in Portuguese schoolchildren and adolescents.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Application of spot vision screening combined with axial length measurement for early identification of myopia risk in Chinese Young children.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Trajectories and predictors of spherical equivalent among multiethnic school-aged children in Southwest China: a 2.5-year cohort study.BMJ open · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
backgroundThe development trajectories of children's SER remain unknown. This study aimed to characterize spherical equivalent refraction (SER) trajectories during grades 1-4 in Chinese children.
methodsThis prospective cohort study included 1226 first-grade non-myopic children from 12 public primary schools, randomly selected in two districts in Guangzhou, China. From November 2018 to March 2022, four-wave ocular examinations and questionnaire surveys have been completed. The group-based trajectory modeling was used to explore SER trajectories in grades 1-4.
resultsAll five trajectories showed an upward trend and rose faster after grade 2. Children in the sharp-developing (n = 44), high-developing (n = 136), and rapid-developing (n = 237) myopia groups developed myopia before grades 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Their SER development speed remained at a relatively high level after myopia, almost consistent with that before myopia. Children in the moderate-developing (n = 418) and low-developing (n = 391) non-myopia groups did not develop myopia before grade 4. Some characteristics in grade 1 were independently associated with SER trajectories, including sex, axial length, number of parents with myopia, residence, academic achievement, and the duration of outdoor activity. Based on the baseline characteristics, we established the model predicting the probability of children belonging to each group.
conclusionsMyopia interventions are best started in grade 1 or preschool age. If interventions are not taken in time, the latest intervention window might be in grades 1, 2, and 3 for children with a high probability of belonging to the sharp-developing, high-developing, and rapid-developing myopia groups, respectively. The above probabilities might be predicted using the model we established. Moreover, the interventions for myopic children shouldn't be ignored.
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