ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2024
Measures of Longitudinal Immune Dysfunction and Risk of AIDS and Non-AIDS Defining Malignancies in Antiretroviral-Treated People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Patients with colorectal cancer combined with HIV had a worse overall survival after surgery: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Pooled it
- Early antiretroviral therapy and long-term cancer risk in HIV: 9-year outcomes from the START randomized trial.BMC cancer · 2026Trial
- Long-term safety and impact of immune recovery in heavily treatment-experienced adults receiving fostemsavir for up to 5 years in the phase 3 BRIGHTE study.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Trial
- Cancer Burden and Inflammaging Among People Living with HIV: An Inflammatory Biomarker Analysis from an Italian Cohort.Cancers · 2026Article
- Has the Expected Shift in HIV-Related Cancers Occurred? Findings from a Long-Term HIV Cohort in Turkey.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Cancer risks and trends between 1997 and 2018, and effects of restored immunity in people living with HIV: Results from the ANRS CO4 French hospital database on HIV.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Immune non-response despite effective antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV: A review of potential mechanisms, biomarkers and therapeutic approaches.HIV medicine · 2026Review
- Risk of Cancer in People With HIV Experiencing Varying Degrees of Immune Recovery With Sustained Virological Suppression on Antiretroviral Treatment for More Than 2 Years: An International, Multicenter, Observational Cohort.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Observational
- Two-threshold defined immune non-responders are associated with long-term morbidity in people with HIV: a prospective cohort study.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Cancer incidence in people with HIV in Italy: Comparison of the ICONA COHORT with general population data.International journal of cancer · 2025Article
- Circulating Biomarker Panorama in HIV-Associated Lymphoma: A Bridge from Early Risk Warning to Prognostic Stratification.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Therapeutic efficacy of albuvirtide-based antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV who have low-level viremia and non-AIDS-defining malignancies: two case reports.Retrovirology · 2025Article
- National Analysis of More Than 48,000 Veterans With HIV Demonstrates CD4/CD8 Ratio as a Risk Marker for Anal Intraepithelial Lesions and Anal Cancer.Diseases of the colon and rectum · 2025Article
- Plasma anti-CD4 IgG levels are associated with poor immune recovery in people with HIV initiating antiretroviral therapy.AIDS (London, England) · 2025Article
- NK Count and Natural Cytotoxicity in Immune Nonresponders Versus Responders Living With HIV.Journal of medical virology · 2025Article
- Comparative Analysis of Virology and Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV Infections: Implications for Public Health and Treatment Strategies.Infection and drug resistance · 2025Review
- Comorbidity Clusters and Immune Profiles in Hospitalized People with HIV: A Retrospective Analysis at a Tertiary Care Center in Eastern China.Infection and drug resistance · 2025Article
- Non-linear association between CD4+ T-cell counts and mortality risk in people living with HIV: evidence from a 10-year cohort study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome defining malignancies in people living with haemophilia and human immunodeficiency virus after direct-acting antiviral era.Global health & medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
25 authors at 18 institutions in 13 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection leads to chronic immune activation/inflammation that can persist in virally suppressed persons on fully active antiretroviral therapy (ART) and increase risk of malignancies. The prognostic role of low CD4:CD8 ratio and elevated CD8 cell counts on the risk of cancer remains unclear.
methodsWe investigated the association of CD4:CD8 ratio on the hazard of non-AIDS defining malignancy (NADM), AIDS-defining malignancy (ADM) and most frequent group of cancers in ART-treated people with HIV (PWH) with a CD4 and CD8 cell counts and viral load measurements at baseline. We developed Cox proportional hazard models with adjustment for known confounders of cancer risk and time-dependent cumulative and lagged exposures of CD4:CD8 ratio to account for time-evolving risk factors and avoid reverse causality.
resultsCD4:CD8 ratios below 0.5, compared to above 1.0, were independently associated with a 12-month time-lagged higher risk of ADM and infection-related malignancies (adjusted hazard ratio 2.61 [95% confidence interval {CI }1.10-6.19] and 2.03 [95% CI 1.24-3.33], respectively). CD4 cell counts below 350 cells/μL were associated with an increased risk of NADMs and ADMs, as did infection, smoking, and body mass index-related malignancies.
conclusionsIn ART-treated PWH low CD4:CD8 ratios were associated with ADM and infection-related cancers independently from CD4 and CD8 cell counts and may alert clinicians for cancer screening and prevention of NADM.
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