ArticleDiving and hyperbaric medicine2023
Full-face snorkel masks increase the incidence of hypoxaemia and hypercapnia during simulated snorkelling compared to conventional snorkels.
Article in Diving and hyperbaric medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed, 2 citations in OpenAlex.
- Full-Face Snorkeling Masks Carry a Risk of Hypercapnia and Drowning in Younger Children: A Case Series.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Air flow in full-face snorkel masks (FFSMs) should be unidirectional to prevent rebreathing of exhaled air. This study evaluated rebreathing and its consequences when using FFSMs compared to a conventional snorkel. Methods: In a dry environment 20 participants wore three types of snorkel equipment in random order: Subea Easybreath FFSM; QingSong 180-degree panoramic FFSM; and a Beuchat Spy conventional snorkel (with nose clip), in three conditions: rest in a chair; light; and moderate intensity exercise on a cycle ergometer. Peripheral oxygen saturation, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO Results: Experimental runs with the FFSMs had to be discontinued more often after exceeding 7.0 kPa end-tidal CO Conclusions: Use of FFSMs may result in rebreathing due to non-unidirectional flow, leading to hypercapnia and hypoxaemia.
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