ArticleBMC public health2023
Tobacco smoke and all-cause mortality and premature death in China: a cohort study.
Article in BMC public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Quantifying the evidence and burden of smoking behaviour on tuberculosis incidence among adult population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2026Pooled it
- Focusing on depressive symptoms in patients to mitigate the risk of pain: a nationwide, prospective cohort study.BMC public health · 2026Observational
- Mortality and morbidity burden associated with smoking: evidence from a 1.6 million cohort in Hong Kong.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Impact of lipid profiles and risk factors on all-cause mortality in males and females: insights from a Turkish cohort study.Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland) · 2026Article
- Joint associations between exercising and classical cardiometabolic risk factors with all-cause, premature and cardiovascular mortality: a prospective cohort study among Mexican adults.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- The disease burden attributable to tobacco use in China and its provinces from 1990-2023: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.Military Medical Research · 2026Article
- Theobromine prevents affective symptoms of nicotine withdrawal by modulating the neuroendocrine and immune systems, as well as the glutathione mechanism in the hippocampus.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2025Article
- Personal, social, and natural co-exposure pattern and plasma proteins in cardiometabolic diseases.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Life Factors and Melanoma: From the Macroscopic State to the Molecular Mechanism.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Association between the ApoB/ApoA1 ratio and both the severity and mortality of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease.BMC gastroenterology · 2025Article
- An analysis of the burden of respiratory tract cancers in global, China, the United States and India: findings based on the GBD 2021 database.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Association between C-reactive protein-triglyceride glucose index and all-cause mortality and premature death: a joint analysis based on case data from the Central Hospital of Shaoyang and CHARLS database.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Gender-specific dual effects of physical activity on depression and mortality: a nine-year cohort study in Chinese adults aged 45 and above.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Smoking status and edentulism among older Chinese: a cohort study.Clinical oral investigations · 2024Article
- Smoking Status and Premature Death Among Japanese Rural Community-Dwelling Persons.Tobacco use insights · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTobacco smoke is associated with several diseases, and identified as the second leading risk factor for death from any cause worldwide. The relationship of tobacco smoke to mortality or premature death is not yet available from contemporary cohorts after 2010 in China. This study aimed to investigate the smoking behavior and the relationship of tobacco smoke to mortality and premature death among a nationally representative cohort starting from 2011 in China.
methodsThe nationally representative datasets (China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, CHARLS, 2011-2012) was employed and linked with follow-up data (2013). CHARLS was an ongoing nationally representative survey, which longitudinally followed up subjects aged over 45 years. Smoking status (non-smoker, ex-smoker, smoker, pack-years of smoking, age at starting and ceasing smoking) was used as independent variable, and all-cause mortality, premature death (defined as mortality before age 72.7 years in men and 76.9 years in women) were used as dependent variables. The Cox's proportional hazards regression mode was used to estimate the effect of tobacco smoke and pack-years of smoking on all-cause mortality and premature death.
resultsA total of 16,701 subjects were included. The association between tobacco smoker (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.37, 95%CI = 1.02, 1.83) / ex-smoker (HR = 1.75, 95%CI = 1.24, 2.46) and all-cause mortality was significant. Tobacco smoker (HR = 1.58, 95%CI = 1.04, 2.39) and ex-smoker (HR = 2.25, 95%CI = 1.38, 3.66) was associated with increase in the risk of premature death. Pack-years of smoking ≥ 30 was associated with increased risk of premature death compared with non-smokers in total (HR = 1.59, 95%CI = 1.03, 2.43) and women (HR = 3.38, 95%CI = 1.22, 9.38). Additionally, our results also revealed that there was a linear trend between pack-years of smoking and premature death in total (P = 0.002) and women (P = 0.010).
conclusionThis study found a negative effect of smoking status on all-cause mortality and premature death among a contemporary and nationally representative data in China. The correlation between pack-years of smoking and premature death and the trend of pack-years of smoking with premature death was also identified.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.