ArticleOphthalmic epidemiology2023
Tropical Data: Approach and Methodology as Applied to Trachoma Prevalence Surveys.
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25 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparison of Methods for Assessing Chlamydia trachomatis Transmission Intensity: A Systematic Review.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2026Article
- Training Data Recorders with a Manual to Take High-Quality Trachoma Photographs in South Sudan.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2026Article
- Impact of two rounds of azithromycin mass drug administration on active trachoma and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Naoero.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Discrepancy Between Active Trachoma and Tests of Chlamydial Infection in Alto Amazonas, Peru.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- National progress towards the elimination of trachomatous inflammation-follicular: analysis of 11 regions in Ethiopia.International health · 2026Article
- Scaling trachoma surveillance in endemic areas using machine learning.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Does persistent active trachoma mandate antibiotic mass drug administration? A comparison of prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular with that of conjunctival infection and anti-chlamydial antibodies, Western Province, Zambia.International health · 2026Article
- Monitoring of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and antibodies in low-prevalence districts of Amhara, Ethiopia: Insights from a hyper-endemic trachoma region.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Impact of evidence-based programmatic adaptations in addressing the persistence and recrudescence of trachoma in Kajiado County, Kenya.International health · 2025Article
- Assessing trachoma elimination progress in districts with persistent trachoma, Western Province, Zambia.International health · 2025Article
- Surveys to substantiate elimination of trachoma as a public health problem in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar.International health · 2025Article
- Data Resource Profile: Global Trachoma Serology Data Repository.International journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Using Model-Based Geostatistics to Refine Population-Based Estimates of Trachoma Prevalence: Update from a Technical Consultation.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- The prevalence of trachoma, ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection and anti-Pgp3 antibodies in Choiseul Province, Solomon Islands.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Characterizing trachoma elimination using serology.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Understanding the impact of covariates for trachoma prevalence prediction using geostatistical methods.BMC global and public health · 2025Article
- Trachoma.Lancet (London, England) · 2025Review
- Assessing the prevalence of trachoma in the East, North, Far North and Adamaoua regions of Cameroon, 2016-2022.International health · 2025Article
- Prevalence of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection and antibodies within districts persistently endemic for trachoma, Amhara, Ethiopia.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Tropical Data: supporting health ministries worldwide to conduct high-quality trachoma surveys.International health · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
172 authors at 20 institutions in 54 countries.
Emma M Harding-EschClinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-1432-8109
Clara R Burgert-BruckerRTI International, Washington, DC, USA/Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-6001-4960
Cristina JimenezSightsavers, Haywards Heath, UK.
Ana BakhtiariInternational Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, USA.
Rebecca WillisInternational Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, USA.
Michael Dejene BejigaSightsavers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Caleb MpyetSightsavers Nigeria Country Office, Kaduna, Nigeria/Department of Ophthalmology, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria.
Jeremiah NgondiRTI International, Washington, DC, USA.
Sarah BoydInternational Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, USA.
Mariamo AbdalaDirecção Nacional De Saúde Pública Ministerio Da Saude, Maputo, Mozambique.
Amza AbdouProgramme National De Santé Oculaire, Ministère De La Santé Publique, Niamey, Niger.
Yilikal AdamuDepartment of Ophthalmology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Addisu AlemayehuRTI International, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Wondu AlemayehuThe Fred Hollows Foundation, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Tawfik Al-KhatibPrevention of Blindness Program, Ministry of Public Health & Population, Sana'a, Yemen.
Sue-Chen ApadinuweMinistry of Health and Medical Services, Denig, Republic of Nauru.
Naomie AwacaMinistère de la Santé Publique, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Marcel S AwoussiMinistère de la Santé et de L'Hygiène Publique, Lomé, Togo.
Gilbert BaayendagNational Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda.
Mouctar Dieng BadianeProgramme National de Promotion de La Santé Oculaire, Ministère de la Santé et de L'Action sociale, Dakar, Sénégal.
Robin L BaileyClinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Wilfrid BatchoProgramme National De Lutte Contre Les Maladies Transmissibles, Ministère De La Santé, Cotonou, Benin.
Zulficar BayRTI International, Maputo, Mozambique.
Assumpta BellaProgramme National De Lutte Contre La Cécité, Ministère De La Santé Publique, Yaoundé, Cameroun.
Nassirou BeidoProgramme National De Santé Oculaire, Ministère De La Santé Publique, Niamey, Niger.
Yak Yak BolMinistry of Health, Juba, Republic of South Sudan.
Clarisse BougoumaProgramme national de lutte contre les maladies tropicales négligées, Ministère de la santé et de l'hygiène publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Christopher J BradyDivision of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
Victor BucumiDépartement En Charge des Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Ministère De La Santé Publique Et De La Lutte Contre Le Sida, Bujumbura, Burundi.
Robert ButcherClinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Risiate CakacakaMinistry of Health and Medical Services, Viti Levu, Fiji.
Anaseini CamaThe Fred Hollows Foundation, Melbourne, Australia.
Mamoudou CamaraNational Programme for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministère de la Santé et de l'hygiène publique, Conakry, Guinea.
Eunice CassamaPrograma Nacional De Saúde De Visão, Minsap, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.
Shorai Grace ChaoraNational Statistical Agency, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Amel Chenaoui ChebbiDepartment A of Ophthalmology, Hedi Raeïs Institute of Ophthalmology, Tunis, Tunisie.
Alvin Blessings ChisambiBlantyre Institute for Community Ophthalmology, Lions Sight First Eye Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi.
Brian ChuInternational Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, USA.
Abdulai ContehNeglected Tropical Disease Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone.
Sidi Mohamed CoulibalyConsultant technique Afrique de l'Ouest, Organisation pour la Prévention de la Cécité, Bamako, Mali.
Paul CourtrightDivision of Ophthalmology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Abdi DalmarMinistry of Human Development and Public Services, Mogadishu, Somalia.
Tran Minh DatViet Nam Institute of Ophthalmology, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
Thully DavidsMinistry of Health and Social Services, Windhoek, Namibia.
Mohamed El Amine DjakerWorld Health Organization, Algiers, Algeria.
Maria de Fátima Costa LopesSecretaria de vigilancia em saude, Ministerio da saude, Brasilia (DF), Brazil.
Djore DézoumbéProgramme national de lutte contre la cécité, Ministère de la Santé Publique, N'Djamena, Tchad.
Sarity DodsonThe Fred Hollows Foundation, Sydney, Australia.
Philip DownsSightsavers, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Stephanie EckmanRTI International, Washington, DC, USA.
Bilghis Elkhair ElshafieSudan National Trachoma Control Programme, Khartoum, Sudan.
Mourad ElmezoghiNational Prevention of Blindness, Ministry of Health, Tripoli, Libya.
Ange Aba ElvisProgramme National de la Santé Oculaire et de la lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
Paul EmersonInternational Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6478-8816
Emilienne Ee EpéeDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroun.
Daniel FaktaufonMinistry of Health and Medical Services, Viti Levu, Fiji.
Mawo FallRTI International, Maputo, Mozambique.
Aréty FassinouProgramme National De Lutte Contre Les Maladies Transmissibles, Ministère De La Santé, Cotonou, Benin.
Fiona FlemingUnlimit Health, London, UK.
Rebecca FlueckigerRTI International, Washington, DC, USA.
Koizan Kadjo GamaelMinistère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
Mackline GaraeDepartment of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vanuatu Ministry of Health, Port Vila, Vanuatu.
Jambi GarapNational Department of Health, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
Katie GassThe Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, USA.
Genet GebruFederal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Michael M GichangiMinistry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya.
Emanuele GiorgiLancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
André GoépoguiNational Programme for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministère de la Santé et de l'hygiène publique, Conakry, Guinea.
Daniela Vaz Ferreira GómezSecretaria de vigilancia em saude, Ministerio da saude, Brasilia (DF), Brazil.
Diana Paola Gómez ForeroMinisterio de Salud y Protección Social, Bogota, Colombia.
Emily W GowerDepartment of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA.
Anna HarteClinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Rob HenryUnited States Agency for International Development, Washington DC, USA.
Harvy Alberto Honorio-MoralesGeneral Directorate of Strategic Interventions in Public Health, Ministry of Health of Peru, Lima, Peru.
Dunera R IlakoDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
Amadou Alfa Bio IssifouDépartement D'ophtalmologie, Université De Parakou, Parakou, Borgou, Benin.
Ellen JonesSightsavers, Haywards Heath, UK.
George KabonaNeglected Tropical Disease Control Program, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.
Martin KaboreProgramme national de lutte contre les maladies tropicales négligées, Ministère de la santé et de l'hygiène publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Boubacar KadriProgramme National De Santé Oculaire, Ministère De La Santé Publique, Niamey, Niger.
Khumbo KaluaBlantyre Institute for Community Outreach, Blantyre, Malawi.ORCID 0000-0001-9284-9009
Sarjo Kebba KanyiThe National Eye Health Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Banjul, Kanifing, Gambia.
Shambel KebedeFederal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Fikreab KebedeFederal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Jeremy D KeenanFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7118-1457
Amir B KelloWorld Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo.ORCID 0000-0003-0150-9186
Asad Aslam KhanMinistry of National Health Services, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Houria KhelifiWorld Health Organization, Algiers, Algeria.
Janvier KilangalangaSaint Joseph Hospital , Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Sung Hye KimWorld Health Organization, Manila, Philippines.
Robert KoNational Department of Health, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
Susan LewallenDivision of Ophthalmology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Thomas LietmanFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA.
Makoy Samuel Yibi LogoraMinistry of Health, Juba, Republic of South Sudan.
Yuri A LopezMalaria Unit, Amazonas Centre for Research and Control of Tropical Diseases "Simón Bolivar" (CAICET) of Ministry of Popular Power for Health, Puerto Ayacucho, Amazonas State, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.
Chad MacArthurMacArthur/Tapert Global Health Consulting, South Harpswell, Maine, USA.
Colin MacleodClinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Felix MakangilaMinistère de la Santé Publique, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Brehima MarikoDistrict Sanitaire de Kita, Direction Régionale de la Santé de Kayes, Kita, Mali.
Diana L MartinDivision of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
Michael MasikaDepartment of Clinical Services, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi.
Patrick MassaeKilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, United Republic of Tanzania.
Marilia MassangaieDirecção Nacional De Saúde Pública Ministerio Da Saude, Maputo, Mozambique.
Hadley S MatendecheroMinistry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya.
Tsedeke MathewosFederal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Siobhain McCullaghSightsavers, Haywards Heath, UK.
Aboulaye MeiteMinistère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
Elsa Palma MendesNational Directorate of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Luanda, Angola.
Hirpa M AbdiOromia Regional Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Hollman MillerDepartment of Vaupés, Secretariate of Health, Mitú, Colombia.
Abdellahi MinnihDépartement Des Maladies Transmissibles, Ministère De La Santé Nouakchott, Nouakchott, Mauritania.
Sailesh Kumar MishraNepal Netra Jyoti Sangh, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Tuduetso MolefiMinisty of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana.
Aryc MosherUnited States Agency for International Development, Washington DC, USA.
Nerkoua M'PoProgramme National De Lutte Contre Les Maladies Transmissibles, Ministère De La Santé, Cotonou, Benin.
Francis MugumeNational Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda.
Robson MukwizaMinistry of Health and Child Care, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Consity MwaleProvincial Health Office, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia.
Stephen MwathaMinistry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya.
Upendo MwingiraNeglected Tropical Disease Control Program, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.
Scott D NashThe Carter Center, Atlanta, USA.
Christophe NassaProgramme national de lutte contre les maladies tropicales négligées, Ministère de la santé et de l'hygiène publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Nebiyu NegussuFederal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Cece NiebaNational Programme for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministère de la Santé et de l'hygiène publique, Conakry, Guinea.
Jean Claude Noah NoahProgramme National De Lutte Contre La Cécité, Ministère De La Santé Publique, Yaoundé, Cameroun.
Christian O NwosuSightsavers, Kaduna, Nigeria.
Nicholas OlobioFederal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria.
Rapheal OponNational Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda.
Alexandre PavluckSightsavers, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Isaac PhiriMinistry of Health and Child Care, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Merelesita Rainima-QaniuciWorld Health Organization, Fiji Country Office, Suva, Fiji.
Kristen K RennekerInternational Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8036-4776
Martha Idalí Saboyá-DíazNeglected, Tropical, and Vector-Borne Diseases Unit, Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health Department, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Washington DC, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4324-9618
Fatoumata SakhoNational Programme for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministère de la Santé et de l'hygiène publique, Conakry, Guinea.
Salimato SanhaPrograma Nacional De Saúde De Visão, Minsap, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.
Virginia SarahThe Fred Hollows Foundation, London, UK.
Boubacar SarrProgramme National de Promotion de La Santé Oculaire, Ministère de la Santé et de L'Action sociale, Dakar, Sénégal.
Celia L SzwarcwaldInstitute of Scientific and Technological Communication and Information in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Ahmad Shah SalamMinistry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan.
Shekhar SharmaNepal Netra Jyoti Sangh, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Fikre SeifeFederal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Gloria Marina Serrano ChavezMinisterio de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
Mactar SissokoProgramme National de Promotion de La Santé Oculaire, Ministère de la Santé et de L'Action sociale, Dakar, Sénégal.
Henis Mior SitoeDirecção Nacional De Saúde Pública Ministerio Da Saude, Maputo, Mozambique.
Oliver SokanaEye Department, Solomon Islands Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Honiara, Solomon Islands.
Fentahun TadesseFederal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Fasiah TaleoDepartment of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vanuatu Ministry of Health, Port Vila, Vanuatu.
Sandra Liliana TaleroEscuela Superior de Oftalmología del Instituto Barraquer de América, Bogotá, Colombia.ORCID 0000-0002-0494-2017
Youcef TarfaniMinistère de la Santé de la Population et de la Réforme Hospitalière, Algiers, Algeria.
Amsayaw TeferaFederal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Rabebe TekeraoiMinistry of Health and Medical Services, South Tarawa, Kiribati.
Andeberhan TesfazionNational Program for the Prevention of Blindness, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea.
Abubaker TrainaNational Prevention of Blindness, Ministry of Health, Tripoli, Libya.
Lamine TraoréProgramme National de la Santé Oculaire, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali.
Julián Trujillo-TrujilloMinisterio de Salud y Protección Social, Bogota, Colombia.
Edridah M TukahebwaNational Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda.
Praveen VashistCommunity Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
Ernest B WanyamaMinistry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya.
Supriya D P WarusavithanaDepartment of Universal Health Coverage/Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, WHO EMRO Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt.
Titus K WatituMinistry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya.
Sheila WestDana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0818-8100
Ye WinDepartment of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar.
Geordie WoodsSightsavers, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Aya YajimaWorld Health Organization, Manila, Philippines.
Georges YayaMinistère de la Santé et de la Population, Bangui, République Centrafricaine.
Alem ZecariasNational Program for the Prevention of Blindness, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea.
Solomon ZewengielNational Program for the Prevention of Blindness, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea.
Akoi ZoumaniguiNational Programme for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministère de la Santé et de l'hygiène publique, Conakry, Guinea.
Pamela J HooperInternational Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, USA.
Tom MillarSightsavers, Haywards Heath, UK.
Lisa RotondoRTI International, Washington, DC, USA.
Anthony W SolomonGlobal Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Federal Ministry of Health · ETInternational Trachoma Initiative · USSightsavers · GBLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine · GBMinistère De La Santé · BFMinistry of Health · KERTI International · USMinistry of Health · UGInstituto Nacional de Saúde · MZMinistère de la Santé Publique · NEUniversity of Asmara · ERWorld Health Organization - Pakistan · PKBlantyre Institute for Community Ophthalmology · MWMinistère de la Santé · DZMinistère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique · MLMinistry Of Health · FJMinistry of Health and Child Welfare · ZWMinistry of Health and Social Protection · COMinistry of Health and Social Welfare · TZMinistry of Public Health · CD
Funding
Using Dengue Controlled Human Infection Model to Identify Adaptive Immune Correlates of ProtectionP20GM125498 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT & ST AGRIC COLLEGE · PI Ellen Kozelka · 2018 to 2026
$24.9MPeru Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Research Training ConsortiumD43TW007393 · FIC · UNIVERSIDAD PERUANA CAYETANO HEREDIA · PI Andres G Lescano · 2005 to 2026
$5.9MIntegrating smartphone photography for trachoma, smartphone visual acuity assessment, and mobile autorefraction to enhance community-based public health monitoring - Diversity SupplementR33EY033690 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Jeremy David Keenan · 2023 to 2026
$1.0MIntegrating smartphone photography for trachoma, smartphone visual acuity assessment, and mobile autorefraction to enhance community-based public health monitoringR21EY033690 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI KEENAN, JEREMY DAVID, LESCANO, ANDRES G · 2021 to 2022
$384kFIC NIH HHS D43 TW007393NEI NIH HHS R21 EY033690NEI NIH HHS R33 EY033690NIGMS NIH HHS P20 GM125498World Health Organization 001
Abstract
purposePopulation-based prevalence surveys are essential for decision-making on interventions to achieve trachoma elimination as a public health problem. This paper outlines the methodologies of Tropical Data, which supports work to undertake those surveys.
methodsTropical Data is a consortium of partners that supports health ministries worldwide to conduct globally standardised prevalence surveys that conform to World Health Organization recommendations. Founding principles are health ministry ownership, partnership and collaboration, and quality assurance and quality control at every step of the survey process. Support covers survey planning, survey design, training, electronic data collection and fieldwork, and data management, analysis and dissemination. Methods are adapted to meet local context and needs. Customisations, operational research and integration of other diseases into routine trachoma surveys have also been supported.
resultsBetween 29
conclusionThis health ministry-led, standardised approach, with support from the start to the end of the survey process, has helped all trachoma elimination stakeholders to know where interventions are needed, where interventions can be stopped, and when elimination as a public health problem has been achieved. Flexibility to meet specific country contexts, adaptation to changes in global guidance and adjustments in response to user feedback have facilitated innovation in evidence-based methodologies, and supported health ministries to strive for global disease control targets.
Indexed as
TrachomaData ManagementHumansInfantPrevalencePublic HealthWorld Health OrganizationChlamydia trachomatisprevalencesurveytrachomaTropical Data
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