SynthesisMolecular psychiatry2024
Retina as a potential biomarker in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of optical coherence tomography and electroretinography.
Synthesis in Molecular psychiatry, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- The eye-mind connection: a systematic review of retinal biomarkers and ocular signatures in major psychiatric disorders.European journal of medical research · 2025Pooled it
- Atypical Use of Visuospatial Context in Psychotic Psychopathology: A Meta-analysis.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Pooled it
- Psychosocial Interventions, Recovery, and Mediating Mechanisms in Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- The eye as a canary in the coal mine: oculomics for psychiatry.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Human biomarker navigator.iMeta · 2026Review
- Estimating Accelerated Retinal Decline in Mental Health Disorders Through Normative Modeling.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Associations between retinal morphological features and risk of depression and anxiety disorders.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Choroidal Vascularity Index in Schizophrenia Compared to Healthy Subjects: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Clinical deep phenotyping of treatment response in schizophrenia (CDP-STAR): design and methodology of a prospective multimodal observational study.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Observational
- Can the Posterior Segment Findings of the Eye and Serum Microbiota Metabolites Be a Biomarker in Schizophrenia?Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Retinal and choroidal vascular density alterations in patients with schizophrenia: assessment via optical coherence tomography angiography.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Retina in Clinical High-Risk and First-Episode Psychosis.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- The Retinal Age Gap as a Marker of Accelerated Aging in the Early Course of Schizophrenia.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Electroretinography as a non-invasive biomarker for early detection of cognitive impairment in older adults: A scoping review protocol.PloS one · 2026Article
- Compensatory hallucinogenesis across three neuropsychiatric disorders: a Bayesian account.Brain communications · 2026Review
- Self-AttentionNeXt: Exploring schizophrenic optical coherence tomography image detection investigations.World journal of psychiatry · 2025Article
- Genetic Analysis of Retinal Cell Types in Neuropsychiatric Disorders.JAMA psychiatry · 2025Article
- Central Macular Thickness and Foveal Avascular Zone are Indicators of Early Diabetic Retinopathy.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Article
- Retinal biomarkers in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: evidence and implications for the neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative models.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography in Bipolar Disorder: A Scoping Review.Neuropsychobiology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionAbnormal findings on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and electroretinography (ERG) have been reported in participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs). This study aims to reveal the pooled standard mean difference (SMD) in retinal parameters on OCT and ERG among participants with SSDs and healthy controls and their association with demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension.
methodsUsing PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PSYNDEX, we searched the literature from inception to March 31, 2023, using specific search terms. This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD4202235795) and conducted according to PRISMA 2020.
resultsWe included 65 studies in the systematic review and 44 in the meta-analysis. Participants with SSDs showed thinning of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL), macular ganglion cell layer- inner plexiform cell layer, and retinal thickness in all other segments of the macula. A meta-analysis of studies that excluded SSD participants with diabetes and hypertension showed no change in results, except for pRNFL inferior and nasal thickness. Furthermore, a significant difference was found in the pooled SMD of pRNFL temporal thickness between the left and right eyes. Meta-regression analysis revealed an association between retinal thinning and duration of illness, positive and negative symptoms. In OCT angiography, no differences were found in the foveal avascular zone and superficial layer foveal vessel density between SSD participants and controls. In flash ERG, the meta-analysis showed reduced amplitude of both a- and b-waves under photopic and scotopic conditions in SSD participants. Furthermore, the latency of photopic a-wave was significantly shorter in SSD participants in comparison with HCs. DISCUSSION: Considering the prior report of retinal thinning in unaffected first-degree relatives and the results of the meta-analysis, the findings suggest that retinal changes in SSDs have both trait and state aspects. Future longitudinal multimodal retinal imaging studies are needed to clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms of these changes and to clarify their utility in individual patient monitoring efforts.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.