ArticlePsychological medicine2023
The genetic contribution to the comorbidity of depression and anxiety: a multi-site electronic health records study of almost 178 000 people.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet and depression and anxiety severity in the Mashhad Stroke and Heart Atherosclerotic Disorder study population.Public health nutrition · 2026Article
- Adult ADHD with comorbid major depression shows a distinguishable polygenic pattern and negative cognitive style.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Chronotype, Genetic Risk, Lifestyle, and Risk of Depression and Anxiety: A Prospective Cohort Study.MedComm · 2026Article
- Article
- Comorbidity alters the genetic relationship between anxiety disorders and major depression.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Implications of the choice of method to identify major depressive disorder in large research cohorts.Journal of mood and anxiety disorders · 2025Article
- Heritability and polygenic load for comorbid anxiety and depression.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Clinical associations with treatment resistance in depression: An electronic health record study.Psychiatry research · 2024Article
- Cardiovascular health ("Life's Essential 8"), risk of depression and anxiety: a prospective cohort study.NPJ cardiovascular health · 2024Article
- Genetic architecture and socio-environmental risk factors for major depressive disorder in Nepal.Psychological medicine · 2024Article
- Phenotypic distinctions in depression and anxiety: a comparative analysis of comorbid and isolated cases.Psychological medicine · 2023Article
- Screening for Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidality: Insights From Electronic Health Record Data in an Academic Medical Center.Journal of primary care & community healthArticle
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Authors and funding
21 authors at 8 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDepression and anxiety are common and highly comorbid, and their comorbidity is associated with poorer outcomes posing clinical and public health concerns. We evaluated the polygenic contribution to comorbid depression and anxiety, and to each in isolation.
methodsDiagnostic codes were extracted from electronic health records for four biobanks [
resultsIn total, 132 960 patients had neither diagnosis (74.8%), 16 092 depression-only (9.0%), 13 098 anxiety-only (7.4%), and 16 584 comorbid (9.3%). In the European meta-analysis across biobanks, both PRSs were higher in each diagnosis group compared to controls. Notably, depression-PRS (OR 1.20 per s.d. increase in PRS; 95% CI 1.18-1.23) and anxiety-PRS (OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.05-1.09) had the largest effect when the comorbid group was compared with controls. Furthermore, the depression-PRS was significantly higher in the comorbid group than the depression-only group (OR 1.09; 95% CI 1.06-1.12) and the anxiety-only group (OR 1.15; 95% CI 1.11-1.19) and was significantly higher in the depression-only group than the anxiety-only group (OR 1.06; 95% CI 1.02-1.09), showing a genetic risk gradient across the conditions and the comorbidity.
conclusionsThis study suggests that depression and anxiety have partially independent genetic liabilities and the genetic vulnerabilities to depression and anxiety make distinct contributions to comorbid depression and anxiety.
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