ReviewFrontiers in immunology2023
The role of the interleukin-36 axis in generalized pustular psoriasis: a review of the mechanism of action of spesolimab.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical Practice Recommendations for Non-Dermatologists on the Diagnostic Suspicion of GPP.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Advances in targeting IL-1 family cytokines for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- IL-36-Driven Inflammation in Generalized Pustular Psoriasis: Immunological Insights from Plaque Psoriasis and Implications for Targeted Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Keratotic macules and plaques with mild erythema in deficiency of interleukin 36 receptor antagonist cases with monoallelic pathogenic variants ofNagoya journal of medical science · 2026Article
- Immunosenescence in Older Patients with Psoriasis: Mechanistic Insights and Opportunities for Biologic Therapy.Psoriasis (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- A review of core immuno-inflammatory mechanisms and key regulatory targets in psoriasis.American journal of clinical and experimental immunology · 2026Review
- Economic burden of Generalized Pustular Psoriasis in Malaysia: a multi-centre analysis of indirect costs.Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice · 2026Article
- Short-course vunakizumab associated with rapid improvement of acute flares in paediatric generalised pustular psoriasis: a three-patient case series.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The IL-36 Cytokine Rheostat: Hierarchical Regulation of Epithelial-Immune Crosstalk and Precision Therapy in Psoriatic and Related Dermatoses.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2026Review
- Successful Treatment of Two Rare Pediatric Keratinization Disorders with Secukinumab: Epidermolytic Ichthyosis and PRP-GPP Overlap.Psoriasis (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Article
- Generalized Pustular Psoriasis with Breast Cancer Successfully Treated with Spesolimab Causing Neutrophilia: A Case Report.Acta dermato-venereologica · 2025Article
- Oxidative Stress and Generalised Pustular Psoriasis: Report of d-ROM Measurements in Nine Cases Including Three of Pustular Psoriasis of Pregnancy.Experimental dermatology · 2025Article
- Acrodermatitis Continua of Hallopeau and Generalised Pustular Psoriasis: Case Reports of Two Different Manifestations of IL36RN Mutation in Siblings.Psoriasis (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Article
- The Role of Epigenetic Factors in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Spesolimab for generalized pustular psoriasis: a review of two key clinical trials supporting initial US regulatory approval.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a rare, chronic, inflammatory skin disorder characterized by recurrent flares associated with skin erythema, desquamation, and widespread superficial sterile pustules, which may be severe ("lakes of pus"). Systemic symptoms are often present, including malaise, fever, and skin pain. In GPP, innate immune responses are driven by abnormal activation of the interleukin (IL)-36-chemokine-neutrophil axis and excessive neutrophil infiltration. This review highlights the IL-36 pathway in the context of the IL-1 superfamily and describes how unopposed IL-36 signaling can lead to the development of GPP. Targeted inhibition of the IL-36 receptor (IL-36R) is an attractive therapeutic strategy in the treatment of GPP, including flare prevention and sustained disease control. Spesolimab is a first-in-class, humanized, monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to the IL-36R and antagonizes IL-36 signaling. Spesolimab was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in September 2022 to treat GPP flares in adults and was subsequently approved for GPP flare treatment in other countries across the world. Anti-IL-36R therapy, such as spesolimab, can mitigate flares and address flare prevention in GPP, presumably through rebalancing IL-36 signaling and modulating the pro-inflammatory response of the downstream effectors.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.