ArticleResearch square2023
Tobacco-Derived and Tobacco-Free Nicotine cause differential inflammatory cell influx and MMP9 in mouse lung.
Article in Research square, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
- Updated by
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) or electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG) as humectants, flavoring chemicals, and nicotine. Nicotine naturally occurs in two isomers R- and S-nicotine, with both tobacco-derived nicotine (TDN) composed of S-nicotine and synthetic nicotine (TFN) composed of a racemic mixture of R- and S-nicotine. Currently there is limited knowledge of the potential differences in the toxicity of TFN vs TDN. We hypothesized that exposure of TFN salts to C57BL/6J mice will result in a differential response in inflammation and lung protease and antiprotease imbalance compared to TDN salts exposed mice. We studied the toxicological impact of these isomers by exposing mice to air, PG/VG, PG/VG with TFN salts, or PG/VG with TDN salts by nose-only exposure and measured the cytokine levels in BALF and lung homogenate along with MMP protein abundance in the lungs of exposed mice. Exposure to the humectants, PG/VG, used in e-cigarettes alone was able to increase cytokine levels-IL-6, KC, and MCP-1 in BALF and KC levels in lung homogenate. Further, it showed differential responses on exposure to PG/VG with TDN salts and PG/VG with TFN salts since PG/VG with TDN salts did not alter the cytokine levels in lung homogenate while PG/VG with TFN salts resulted in an increase in KC levels. PG/VG with TDN salts increased the levels of MMP9 protein abundance in female exposed mice, while PG/VG with TFN salts did not alter MMP9 levels in female mice. The metabolism of nicotine or the clearance of cotinine from TFN may differ from the metabolism of nicotine or the clearance of cotinine from TDN. Thus exposure of humectants alone to induce an inflammatory response while PG/VG with TFN salts and PG/VG with TDN salts may differentially alter inflammatory responses and lung proteases in acute exposures. These data suggest the harmful effects of synthetic/natural nicotine and PG/VG and potential toxicological risk for users.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.