ReviewFrontiers in oncology2023
Repurposing phenothiazines for cancer therapy: compromising membrane integrity in cancer cells.
Review in Frontiers in oncology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Repurposing neurological drugs for brain cancer therapeutics: A systematic approach to identify charged molecules for affinity-based local drug delivery systems.International journal of pharmaceutics · 2025Pooled it
- Identification of YES1 Inhibitors From Approved Drugs Using a Multimodal Deep Learning Framework.Molecular informatics · 2026Article
- Fluphenazine, an antipsychotic compound, ameliorates Alzheimer's disease by clearing amyloid beta accumulation in C. elegans.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Cohort-Scale Spatial Autocorrelation for Tumor Prediction in Mid-Infrared Pathology and Spatial Biomarker Discovery Using MALDI Imaging Lipidomics.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Repurposing statins and phenothiazines to treat chemoresistant neuroblastoma.EMBO molecular medicine · 2026Article
- The Interaction of Structural Analogues of Phenothiazines in p53-Dependent Cellular Signaling Pathways.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Honeybee associated Aspergillus niger AW17 as a source of selective anticancer compounds with cytotoxicity evaluation in human cancer cell lines.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Design, Synthesis, and Testing of 1,2,3-Triazolo-Quinobenzothiazine Hybrids for Cytotoxic and Immunomodulatory Activity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Quantum chemical modeling, molecular docking, and ADMET evaluation of imidazole phenothiazine hybrids.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Biomembrane structure at the molecular level and its application in precision medicine.Biophysics reviews · 2025Review
- Cancer ATF4-mediated CD58 endocytosis impairs anti-tumor immunity and immunotherapy.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Drug Repurposing as an Effective Drug Discovery Strategy: A Critical Review.Drug design, development and therapy · 2025Review
- Spectroscopic Properties and Biological Activity of Fluphenazine Conjugates with Gold Nanoparticles.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Acidic sphingomyelinase interactions with lysosomal membranes and cation amphiphilic drugs: A molecular dynamics investigation.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2024Article
- Article
- Therapeutic Mechanisms of Phenothiazine Drugs: A Mini-Review of Advances in Cancer Treatment and Antibiotic Resistance.Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research : IJPRReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The limitations of current cancer therapies, including the increasing prevalence of multidrug resistance, underscore the urgency for more effective treatments. One promising avenue lies in the repurposing of existing drugs. This review explores the impact of phenothiazines, primarily used as antipsychotic agents, on key mechanisms driving tumor growth and metastasis. The cationic and amphiphilic nature of phenothiazines allows interaction with the lipid bilayer of cellular membranes, resulting in alterations in lipid composition, modulation of calcium channels, fluidity, thinning, and integrity of the plasma membrane. This is especially significant in the setting of increased metabolic activity, a higher proliferative rate, and the invasiveness of cancer cells, which often rely on plasma membrane repair. Therefore, properties of phenothiazines such as compromising plasma membrane integrity and repair, disturbing calcium regulation, inducing cytosolic K-RAS accumulation, and sphingomyelin accumulation in the plasma membrane might counteract multidrug resistance by sensitizing cancer cells to membrane damage and chemotherapy. This review outlines a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms driving the anticancer activities of phenothiazines derivates such as trifluoperazine, prochlorperazine, chlorpromazine, promethazine, thioridazine, and fluphenazine. The repurposing potential of phenothiazines paves the way for novel approaches to improve future cancer treatment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.