ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2023
Three common assumptions about inflammation, aging, and health that are probably wrong.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Epigenetic Age Acceleration Is Associated With HIV Infection Independently of Inflammation.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Anti-Inflammatory Activity ofPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Health among sexual and gender minority people affected by armed conflict and forced displacement: Call for a biocultural and minority stress framework.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2026Review
- From wrist data to lifespan: elucidating inflammation-driven biological aging via activity rhythms captured by wearable devices.npj aging · 2026Article
- Divergent Biological Consequences of APOE Isoforms Across Industrialized and Non-Industrial Environments.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Not all saliva samples are equal: The role of cellular heterogeneity in DNA methylation and epigenetic age analyses with biological and psychosocial factors.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2026Article
- Stem cell dysfunction and rejuvenation strategies in ageing: emerging advances in regenerative medicine.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Dampened inflammation and reduced risk of osteoarthritis among non-industrialized societies.Osteoarthritis and cartilage · 2026Review
- Peripheral inflammation in a Canadian cohort of neurodegenerative conditions: Occurrence, determinants, and impact.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2026Article
- Evaluation of a DNA methylation-based measure of chronic inflammation in two generations of adults in metropolitan Cebu, Philippines.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Inflammaging is minimal among forager-horticulturalists in the Bolivian Amazon.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Nonuniversality of inflammaging across human populations.Nature aging · 2025Article
- Soil-Transmitted Helminths and the Intricacies of Immunoregulation: Evidence From Amazonian Ecuador for the Importance of Considering Species-Specific Effects Within the Old Friends Hypothesis.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2025Article
- Conversion Therapy Exposure and Elevated Cardiovascular Disease Risk.JAMA network open · 2025Observational
- Circulating Epstein-Barr Virus Antibody Levels as a Biomarker of Socioecological Adversity in Amazonian Ecuador.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2025Article
- Epigenetic biomarkers of socioeconomic status are associated with age-related chronic diseases and mortality in older adults.PNAS nexus · 2025Article
- Unusual Phospholipids fromJournal of the American Chemical Society · 2025Article
- Inflammation and depression: an evolutionary framework for the role of physical activity and exercise.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Chronic inflammation contributes to the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease and other degenerative diseases of aging. But does it have to? This article considers the associations among inflammation, aging, and health through the lens of human population biology and suggests that chronic inflammation is not a normal nor inevitable component of aging. It is commonly assumed that conclusions drawn from research in affluent, industrialized countries can be applied globally; that aging processes leading to morbidity and mortality begin in middle age; and that inflammation is pathological. These foundational assumptions have shifted focus away from inflammation as a beneficial response to infection or injury and toward an understanding of inflammation as chronic, dysregulated, and dangerous. Findings from community-based studies around the world-many conducted in areas with relatively high burdens of infectious disease-challenge these assumptions by documenting substantial variation in levels of inflammation and patterns of association with disease. They also indicate that nutritional, microbial, and psychosocial environments in infancy and childhood play important roles in shaping inflammatory phenotypes and their contributions to diseases of aging. A comparative, developmental, and ecological approach has the potential to generate novel insights into the regulation of inflammation and how it relates to human health over the life course.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.