ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2024
Estimating protection afforded by prior infection in preventing reinfection: applying the test-negative study design.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Predictive models for health outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2, including the effect of vaccination: a systematic review.Systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Evaluating COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness across epidemiologic designs: test-negative case-control versus retrospective cohort analyses in a nationwide study.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Protection conferred by SARS-CoV-2 infection across a spectrum of reinfection symptoms and severities.BMJ open respiratory research · 2025Article
- A generalised catalytic model to assess changes in risk for multiple reinfections with SARS-CoV-2.PloS one · 2025Article
- Bias and negative values of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness estimates from a test-negative design without controlling for prior SARS-CoV-2 infection.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Protection of natural infection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 variant.Journal of travel medicine · 2024Article
- Effects of previous infection, vaccination, and hybrid immunity against symptomatic Alpha, Beta, and Delta SARS-CoV-2 infections: an observational study.EBioMedicine · 2023Observational
- Population immunity of natural infection, primary-series vaccination, and booster vaccination in Qatar during the COVID-19 pandemic: an observational study.EClinicalMedicine · 2023Article
- Protection against Reinfection with the Omicron BA.2.75 Subvariant.The New England journal of medicine · 2023Article
- Stability of hybrid versus vaccine immunity against BA.5 infection over 8 months.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Effectiveness of influenza vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers in Qatar.Journal of infection and public health · 2023Article
- Risk of reinfection, vaccine protection, and severity of infection with the BA.5 omicron subvariant: a nation-wide population-based study in Denmark.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Protection of hybrid immunity against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and severe COVID-19 during periods of Omicron variant predominance in Mexico.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Protective Effect of Previous SARS-CoV-2 Infection against Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 Subvariants.The New England journal of medicine · 2022Article
- Protection of Omicron sub-lineage infection against reinfection with another Omicron sub-lineage.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Effects of Previous Infection and Vaccination on Symptomatic Omicron Infections.The New England journal of medicine · 2022Article
- Duration of mRNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 subvariants in Qatar.Nature communications · 2022Article
- SARS-CoV-2 reinfections: Overview of efficacy and duration of natural and hybrid immunity.Environmental research · 2022Review
- Protection against the Omicron Variant from Previous SARS-CoV-2 Infection.The New England journal of medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
25 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to use infection testing databases to rapidly estimate effectiveness of prior infection in preventing reinfection ($P{E}_S$) by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants. Mathematical modeling was used to demonstrate a theoretical foundation for applicability of the test-negative, case-control study design to derive $P{E}_S$. Apart from the very early phase of an epidemic, the difference between the test-negative estimate for $P{E}_S$ and true value of $P{E}_S$ was minimal and became negligible as the epidemic progressed. The test-negative design provided robust estimation of $P{E}_S$ and its waning. Assuming that only 25% of prior infections are documented, misclassification of prior infection status underestimated $P{E}_S$, but the underestimate was considerable only when > 50% of the population was ever infected. Misclassification of latent infection, misclassification of current active infection, and scale-up of vaccination all resulted in negligible bias in estimated $P{E}_S$. The test-negative design was applied to national-level testing data in Qatar to estimate $P{E}_S$ for SARS-CoV-2. $P{E}_S$ against SARS-CoV-2 Alpha and Beta variants was estimated at 97.0% (95% CI, 93.6-98.6) and 85.5% (95% CI, 82.4-88.1), respectively. These estimates were validated using a cohort study design. The test-negative design offers a feasible, robust method to estimate protection from prior infection in preventing reinfection.
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