ArticleCureus2023
Preconception Immunoglobulins and Complements as Potential Biomarkers in Unexplained Female Infertility in Saudi Arabia.
Article in Cureus, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- Differential Expression of Complement Pathway Components in Unexplained Infertility Versus Male Factor Infertility: Insights from an Exploratory Pilot Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundImmunological abnormalities are currently under investigation to potentially unravel the etiology of frustrating cases of unexplained female infertility (UFI).
objectivesTo explore the prevalence of immunological abnormalities in the levels of total immunoglobulins and complements in the cases of UFI.
methodsFemales with a history of UFI were included in this cross-sectional study. They were consulted at the clinical immunology clinic at the King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH). Their demographics, clinical features, total immunoglobulins, and complement test results were collected and analyzed for any relationship with UFI.
resultsOne hundred and twenty-one cases of UFI with an average age of 34 ± 5.6 (range from 23 to 49 years old) were studied. Secondary infertility was predominant in 99 cases (81.8%). An overall prevalence of at least one abnormal level of total immunoglobulins or complements was found in 65 cases (55.1%). The predominant immunological abnormalities were elevated levels of immunoglobulins (hypergammaglobulinemia) in 51 cases (43.2%), high IgG in 26 cases (22%), high IgA in 14 cases (11.9%), and high IgM in 11 cases (9.3%). This was followed by elevated levels of complements (hypercomplementemia) in C4 in nine cases (8.5%). A significant association was found between the high C4 group and some parameters of infertility, including primary infertility (p = 0.005), no pregnancy (p = 0.001), and no abortion (p = 0.047), in comparison to that of the normal C4 group. Moreover, a statistically significant association was found between the high IgA group and abortion in comparison to the normal IgA group (p = 0.054).
conclusionAt least one abnormal level of total immunoglobulins or complements was detected in more than half of the UFI cases. The commonest abnormalities were hypergammaglobulinemia (IgG, IgM, IgA) and hypocomplementenemia (C4), which showed a potential association with some infertility parameters. These findings may encourage the screening of general immunological tests to explore promising new immunopathology in UFI.
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