ArticleJournal of human kinetics2023
Teamwork and Decision Making among Basketball Referees: The 3PO Principle, Refereeing Level, and Experience.
Article in Journal of human kinetics, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Officiating stress and coping strategies among male student basketball referees in China: a procedural grounded theory study.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- The relationship between psychological resilience, decision confidence, and officiating pressure of college basketball referees: a cross-lagged study.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Physical Demands of Handball Referees: A Big Data Analysis between the EHF Men's and Women's EUROs 2022.Journal of human kinetics · 2025Article
- Analysis of Basketball Referee Decision-Making Using the DMQ-II Questionnaire.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Cardiovascular Response and Locomotor Demands of Elite Basketball Referees During International Tournament: A Within- and Between-Referee Analysis.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Cognitive Development and Decision Making in Basketball: A Comparison between Male Players with and without Intellectual Impairment and across Different Age-Groups.Journal of human kinetics · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In this study, the three-person officiating (3PO) principle was employed as an innovative method to examine decision-making (DM) processes among basketball referees. We aimed at exploring whether the ranking, experience, and teamwork among 25 basketball referees could predict accuracy of DM in ambiguous situations taken from basketball games. An analysis of 283 officiating cases taken from 100 filmed games was conducted. The events were then classified by nine experts according to whether the officiating decision was accurate, and which referee (Lead, Centre or Trail) was standing in the main coverage area, as per the 3PO principle, when the decision was made. Our findings indicate that the teamwork (coordination) component was associated with the quality of DM. Of the 283 events, 60 decisions (21%) were not made from the recommended position according to the 3PO principle; 49 of those decisions were incorrect. The findings are discussed from both developmental and instructional perspectives.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.