ArticlePloS one2023
Polyethylene glycol precipitation is an efficient method to obtain extracellular vesicle-depleted fetal bovine serum.
Article in PloS one, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Extraction strategies integrated with digitalization processes for the characterization of proteins from broad bean and red beetroot waste leaves.Ultrasonics sonochemistry · 2026Article
- Dental Pulp Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Attenuated Chondrocyte Apoptosis in Early Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis via Regulating Hexokinase 2.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- Exploiting the role of milk extracellular vesicles: a comprehensive analysis on isolation methods, characterization, surface modifications, and their therapeutic applications.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Exercise-Activated Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Translational Strategy for Age-Related Sarcopenia Management.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2025Review
- Role of Extracellular Vesicles as Mediators of Cell Communication and Novel Biomarkers in Sepsis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Collagen binding properties separate two functionally distinct subpopulations of milk extracellular vesicles regarding bone regenerative capacity.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
- Exosome isolation based on polyethylene glycol (PEG): a review.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cell derived-extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have gained interest as drug delivery nanoparticles, having immunoregulatory and potentiating tissue repair property. To maintain growth of MSCs and obtain pure MSC-derived EVs, the culture media should contain fetal bovine serum (FBS) devoid of EVs, as the presence of FBS EVs confounds the properties of MSC-EVs. Therefore, we tested three methods: 18h ultracentrifugation (UC) and ultrafiltration (UF), which are common FBS EV depletion methods in current MSC-EV research, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation to obtain three EV depleted FBS (EVdFBS) batches, and compared them to FBS and commercial (Com) EVdFBS on human adipose stem cell (hADSC) growth, differentiation, enrichment of EVs in hADSC supernatant and their biological function on collagen metabolism. Our comparative study showed UC and UF vary in terms of depletion efficiency and do not completely deplete EVs and affects the growth-promoting quality of FBS. Specifically, FBS EV depletion was comparable between PEG (95.6%) and UF (96.6%) but less by UC (82%), as compared to FBS. FBS protein loss was markedly different among PEG (47%), UF (87%), and UC (51%), implying the ratio of EV depletion over protein loss was PEG (2.03), UF (1.11), and UC (1.61). A significant decrease of TGFβ/Smad signaling, involving in MSC growth and physiology, was observed by UF. After 96 hours of exposure to 5% FBS or 5% four different EVdFBS cell growth media, the osteogenesis ability of hADSCs was not impaired but slightly lower mRNA expression level of Col2a observed in EVdFBS media during chondrogenesis. In consistent with low confluency of hADSCs observed by optical microscope, cell proliferation in response to 5% UF EVdFBS media was inhibited significantly. Importantly, more and purer ADSCs EVs were obtained from ADSCs cultured in 5% PEG EVdFBS media, and they retained bioactive as they upregulated the expression of Col1a1, TIMP1 of human knee synovial fibroblast. Taken together, this study showed that PEG precipitation is the most efficient method to obtain EV depleted FBS for growth of MSCs, and to obtain MSC EVs with minimal FBS EV contamination.
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