ArticleCancer immunology research2024
Engagement of CD99 Activates Distinct Programs in Ewing Sarcoma and Macrophages.
Article in Cancer immunology research, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- CD47 is a regulator in doxorubicin-induced cardiac aging in male mice.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- IL1RAP Antibody-Drug Conjugates Potently Target Primary and Metastatic Diseases in Multiple Oncofusion-Driven Cancers.Cancer discovery · 2026Article
- First case description of a highly aggressive thoracopulmonary primitive neuroectodermal tumor in a Moroccan adult male.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- Deceptive Thyroid Pathologies: Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma Mimics and Clinical Implications.Head & neck · 2026Article
- Deciphering the Leading-Edge Spatiotemporal Microenvironment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma for Targeted Drug Discovery Using SpaPred.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Leveraging Large Language Models to Extract Prognostic Pathology Features in Ewing Sarcoma.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Upregulation of the TCA Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation Enhances the Fitness of CD99 CAR-T Cells Under Dynamic Cultivation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Precision oncology in the treatment of patients with bone sarcomas: an up-to-date narrative review.Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy · 2026Review
- CD99-targeted immunomagnetic negative selection: A novel strategy for high-purity pancreatic islet isolation in murine models.PloS one · 2026Article
- CD99 is a potential diagnostic and immunological biomarker in pan-cancer.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Targeting metastasis in paediatric bone sarcomas.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- CD99: A Key Regulator in Immune Response and Tumor Microenvironment.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Osteosarcoma immune microenvironment: cellular struggle and novel therapeutic insights.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Development of a Diagnostic Model for Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: Integrating Machine Learning on Activated Pathways and Clinical Validation.International journal of general medicine · 2025Article
- Novel diagnostic biomarkers associated with macrophage-microglia in spinal cord injury.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Neutrophil Elastase Targets Select Proteins on Human Blood-Monocyte-Derived Macrophage Cell Surfaces.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Anti-CD99 Antibody Therapy Triggers Macrophage-Dependent Ewing Cell Death In Vitro and Myeloid Cell Recruitment In Vivo.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Integrated Immunotherapy Target Atlas for Ewing Sarcoma.Cancer genomics & proteomicsReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (EWS) is the second most common pediatric bone tumor. The EWS tumor microenvironment is largely recognized as immune-cold, with macrophages being the most abundant immune cells and their presence associated with worse patient prognosis. Expression of CD99 is a hallmark of EWS cells, and its targeting induces inhibition of EWS tumor growth through a poorly understood mechanism. In this study, we analyzed CD99 expression and functions on macrophages and investigated whether the concomitant targeting of CD99 on both tumor and macrophages could explain the inhibitory effect of this approach against EWS. Targeting CD99 on EWS cells downregulated expression of the "don't eat-me" CD47 molecule but increased levels of the "eat-me" phosphatidyl serine and calreticulin molecules on the outer leaflet of the tumor cell membrane, triggering phagocytosis and digestion of EWS cells by macrophages. In addition, CD99 ligation induced reprogramming of undifferentiated M0 macrophages and M2-like macrophages toward the inflammatory M1-like phenotype. These events resulted in the inhibition of EWS tumor growth. Thus, this study reveals what we believe to be a previously unrecognized function of CD99, which engenders a virtuous circle that delivers intrinsic cell death signals to EWS cells, favors tumor cell phagocytosis by macrophages, and promotes the expression of various molecules and cytokines, which are pro-inflammatory and usually associated with tumor regression. This raises the possibility that CD99 may be involved in boosting the antitumor activity of macrophages.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.