The Health Impact of mHealth Interventions in India: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Considerable use of mobile health (mHealth) interventions has been seen, and these interventions have beneficial effects on health and health service delivery processes, especially in resource-limited settings. Various functionalities of mobile phones offer a range of opportunities for mHealth interventions. Objective: This review aims to assess the health impact of mHealth interventions in India. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Studies conducted in India, and published between April 1, 2011, and March 31, 2021, were considered. A literature search was conducted using a combination of MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms in different databases to identify peer-reviewed publications. Thirteen out of 1350 articles were included for the final review. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias 2 tool for RCTs and Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies - of Interventions tool (for nonrandomized trials), and a meta-analysis was performed using RevMan for 3 comparable studies on maternal, neonatal, and child health. Results: The meta-analysis showed improved usage of maternal and child health services including iron-folic acid supplementation (odds ratio [OR] 14.30, 95% CI 6.65-30.75), administration of both doses of the tetanus toxoid (OR 2.47, 95% CI 0.22-27.37), and attending 4 or more antenatal check-ups (OR 1.82, 95% CI 0.65-5.09). Meta-analysis for studies concerning economic evaluation and chronic diseases could not be performed due to heterogeneity. However, a positive economic impact was observed from a societal perspective (ReMiND [reducing maternal and newborn deaths] and ImTeCHO [Innovative Mobile Technology for Community Health Operation] interventions), and chronic disease interventions showed a positive impact on clinical outcomes, patient and provider satisfaction, app usage, and improvement in health behaviors. Conclusions: This review provides a comprehensive overview of mHealth technology in all health sectors in India, analyzing both health and health care usage indicators for interventions focused on maternal and child health and chronic diseases. Trial Registration: PROSPERO 2021 CRD42021235315; https://tinyurl.com/yh4tp2j7.