ArticleThe American journal of clinical nutrition2023
Red meat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in a prospective cohort study of United States females and males.
Article in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 81 citations in OpenAlex.
- Total and specific potato intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three US cohort studies and a substitution meta-analysis of prospective cohorts.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2025Pooled it
- Metabolomic profiling of a cholesterol lowering plant-based diet from two randomized controlled feeding trials.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Diet, gut microbiome, and type 1 diabetes: from risk to translational opportunity.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- A narrative review of what cohorts have taught us and how they have laid the foundation for much of our understanding of type 2 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2026Review
- Planetary Health Diet Index and breast cancer risk.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Gut microbiome composition and functional potential associate with incident type 2 diabetes in 4,685 adults from a Swedish prospective cohort.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- The moderating role of central adiposity, sex and age, on the association between animal- and plant-based protein intake and the 20-year cumulative incidence of type 2 diabetes: the ATTICA cohort study (2002-2022).European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- The Effect of Including 1 Avocado Daily in a Habitual Diet on the Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load in Free-Living Adults with Overweight/Obesity.Current developments in nutrition · 2026Article
- Clinical Implications of the 2025-2030 Dietary Guidelines for Americans for Diabetes and Prediabetes Management.Journal of diabetes · 2026Article
- [Nutrition recommendations for people with diabetes (Update 2026)].Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2026Review
- Lipidomic analyses of large cohort studies define the role of lipid metabolism in bridging diet and cardio-metabolic health.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Associations between dietary patterns and diabetes in patients with acute pancreatitis: a cross-sectional analysis from the DREAM study.Nutrition journal · 2026Observational
- Body height, body composition, and lifestyle of Czech high school students: implications for the most appropriate strategies supporting physical growth and preventing obesity.Journal of physiological anthropology · 2026Article
- Substitution of White Meat for Red Meat and Diabetes Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study Stratified by Red Meat Intake.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Association between red meat intake and diabetes: a cross-sectional analysis of a nationally representative sample of US adults (NHANES 2003-2016).The British journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Isocaloric substitution with beef and mutton and metabolically unhealthy obesity among adults in Ordos, Inner Mongolia: a cross-sectional analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- A detailed examination of the worldwide impact of type 2 diabetes linked to dietary risks: insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study (1990-2021).Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Revisiting the Link Between Meat Intake and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in American Indians: Insights Based on Lipidomic Profiles.Diabetes care · 2025Article
- Back to the pre-industrial age? FAOSTAT statistics of food supply reveal radical dietary changes accompanied by declining body height, rising obesity rates, and declining phenotypic IQ in affluent Western countries.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundStudies with methodological advancements are warranted to confirm the relation of red meat consumption to the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D).
objectiveWe aimed to assess the relationships of intakes of total, processed, and unprocessed red meat to risk of T2D and to estimate the effects of substituting different protein sources for red meats on T2D risk.
methodsOur study included 216,695 participants (81% females) from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), NHS II, and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS). Red meat intakes were assessed with semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) every 2 to 4 y since the study baselines. We used multivariable-adjusted proportional hazards models to estimate the associations between red meats and T2D.
resultsOver 5,483,981 person-years of follow-up, we documented 22,761 T2D cases. Intakes of total, processed, and unprocessed red meat were positively and approximately linearly associated with higher risks of T2D. Comparing the highest to the lowest quintiles, hazard ratios (HR) were 1.62 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.53, 1.71) for total red meat, 1.51 (95% CI: 1.44, 1.58) for processed red meat, and 1.40 (95% CI: 1.33, 1.47) for unprocessed red meat. The percentage lower risk of T2D associated with substituting 1 serving/d of nuts and legumes for total red meat was 30% (HR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.66, 0.74), for processed red meat was 41% (HR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.55, 0.64), and for unprocessed red meat was 29% (HR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.67, 0.75); Substituting 1 serving/d of dairy for total, processed, or unprocessed red meat was also associated with significantly lower risk of T2D. The observed associations became stronger after we calibrated dietary intakes to intakes assessed by weighed diet records.
conclusionsOur study supports current dietary recommendations for limiting consumption of red meat intake and emphasizes the importance of different alternative sources of protein for T2D prevention.
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