ArticleThe Journal of nutrition2024
Iron Deficiency and Vitamin D Deficiency Are Associated with Sleep in Females of Reproductive Age: An Analysis of NHANES 2005-2018 Data.
Article in The Journal of nutrition, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anemia and Sleep Disturbances: Mechanisms, Evidence and Clinical Implications - a Narrative Review.Maedica · 2026Review
- Article
- Hydrogen as a Potential Modulator: Implications for Mast Cell-Sleep-Wake Rhythm-Melatonin Interactions in Sleep Disorders.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Interconnected Developmental Trajectories of the Brain, Gut, and Sleep in Early Life: The First 1000 Days of Nutritional Opportunity.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Article
- Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Role in Pathologies of Oxidative Stress: A Literature Review.Cureus · 2025Review
- Genetically Supported Causality Between Micronutrients and Sleep Behaviors: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Relative fat mass is associated with vitamin D deficiency in individuals with diabetes: evidence from NHANES and a Chinese cohort.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Association Between Dietary Inflammatory Index and Triglyceride Glucose-Body Mass Index with Iron Deficiency in Reproductive Age Women: Evidence from NHANES 2005-2018.International journal of women's health · 2025Article
- Association between iron intake and excessive daytime sleepiness in the community-dwelling Japanese: the Toon Health Study.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2024Article
- Dietary patterns and association with Iron deficiency among children and adolescents aged 9-17 years in rural Guangzhou, China: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Endocrine roles of vitamin D in female reproduction: Mechanisms and clinical implications.Women's health (London, England)Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIron and vitamin D deficiencies have been implicated in sleep disturbance. Although females are more susceptible to these deficiencies and frequently report sleep-related issues, few studies have examined these associations in females.
objectiveThis study investigates the association of iron and vitamin D deficiencies on sleep in a nationally representative sample of females of reproductive age.
methodsWe used 2 samples of 20-49-y-old non-pregnant females from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2008 (N = 2497) and NHANES 2005-2010 and 2015-2018 (N = 6731) to examine the associations of iron deficiency (ID), iron deficiency anemia (IDA), vitamin D deficiency (VDD), vitamin D inadequacy (VDI), and the joint association of both deficiencies with sleep duration, latency, and quality. Sleep outcomes were measured using a self-reported questionnaire. We used the body iron model based on serum ferritin and serum soluble transferrin receptor to identify ID, along with hemoglobin to identify IDA cases. In addition, 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were used to determine VDD and VDI cases. Logistic regression was used to evaluate these associations, adjusting for potential confounders. In addition, we assessed the multiplicative and additive interactions of both deficiencies.
resultsID and IDA were associated with poor sleep quality, with 1.42 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02, 2.00)] and 2.08 (95% CI: 1.29, 3.38) higher odds, respectively, whereas VDD and VDI were significantly associated with short sleep duration, with 1.26 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.54) and 1.22 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.44) higher odds, respectively. Subjects with both nutritional deficiencies had significantly higher odds of poorer sleep quality compared with subjects with neither condition. For sleep quality, a significant multiplicative interaction was observed between ID and VDD (P value = 0.0005). No associations were observed between study exposures and sleep latency.
conclusionsAmong females of reproductive age, iron and vitamin D deficiencies are associated with sleep health outcomes. The potential synergistic effect of both deficiencies warrants further assessment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.