ReviewHormones and behavior2024
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the menstrual cycle: Theory and evidence.
Review in Hormones and behavior, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- ADHD and Sex Hormones in Females: A Systematic Review.Journal of attention disorders · 2025Pooled it
- Daily Ovarian Hormone Exposure and Loss of Control Eating in Adolescent Girls: A Stage 2 Registered Report.The International journal of eating disorders · 2026Article
- Association between menstrual cycle characteristics and mental health in early adolescence.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Physiological Mechanisms in Pregnancy and Their Relevance to the Clinical Management of Perinatal Mental Illness.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Cognitive variability across the menstrual cycle in adolescent girls with ADHD: clinical profiles from a cluster analysis.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- "Controlled by Female Hormones": A Qualitative Interview Study of Swedish Women's Experiences of Gender-Specific Aspects of Life With ADHD.Journal of attention disorders · 2026Article
- Menstrual Cycle-Related Hormonal Fluctuations in ADHD: Effect on Cognitive Functioning-A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Within-Person Changes in Daily Ovarian Hormone Levels Influence Genetic Effects on Emotional Eating in Women.The International journal of eating disorders · 2025Article
- Examining the Link Between ADHD Symptoms and Menopausal Experiences.Journal of attention disorders · 2025Article
- Practical tools for female-specific ADHD: The impact of hormonal fluctuations in clinical practice and from the literature.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Review
- Perimenopausal symptoms in women with and without ADHD: A population-based cohort study.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Article
- Increased risk of provisional premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) among females with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): cross-sectional survey study.The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science · 2025Article
- A Review of Sex and Gender Factors in Stimulant Treatment for ADHD: Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions.Journal of attention disorders · 2025Review
- Sex differences in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A population-based study.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Article
- Research advances and future directions in female ADHD: the lifelong interplay of hormonal fluctuations with mood, cognition, and disease.Frontiers in global women's health · 2025Review
- Bias by gender: exploring gender-based differences in the endorsement of ADHD symptoms and impairment among adult patients.Frontiers in global women's health · 2025Article
- A Female-Specific Treatment Group for ADHD-Description of the Programme and Qualitative Analysis of First Experiences.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on prefrontal cortical activation in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Menstrual health and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms: A scoping review.Women's health (London, England)Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that exhibits striking sex differences in symptoms, prevalence, and associated problems across development. Etiological factors and mechanisms underlying these sex differences remain one of the most understudied aspects of this disorder. The current paper seeks to provide a novel theoretical framework for understanding this phenomenon by reviewing evidence that females with ADHD may experience a "double whammy" of organizational and activational pubertal hormonal effects. We propose a novel theory of activational effects of cyclical circulating ovarian hormones on ADHD with increasing risk at times of rapid declines in estrogen. These declines may decrease executive function and trait control at two points of the cycle characterized by biphasic affective risk: (1) increases in approach/risk-taking behaviors at mid-cycle (periovulatory) and (2) increases in avoidance/negative affect perimenstrually. Low estrogen and control may then interact with increases in positive and negative affect, respectively, to increase hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms post-ovulation and inattention symptoms perimenstrually. These interactions may be exacerbated by organizational pubertal effects on relatively overdeveloped limbic circuitry and adolescent-specific social pressures magnified in females with ADHD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.