ArticleBiometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine2024
Tattoo inks: evaluation of cellular responses and analysis of some trace metals.
Article in Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Beyond Total Content: Assessing the Bioaccessibility of Metals in Tattoo Inks Using Validated Extraction Media.Analytical science advances · 2026Article
- Assessment of Dermally Bioaccessible Elements by Sweat-Simulated Extraction: Analytical Approach and Application to Tattoo Inks.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Tattoo Ink Exposure and Its Potential Link with Lymphoma and Skin Cancer: A Narrative Review of New Evidence.Cardiovascular & hematological disorders drug targets · 2026Review
- Heavy Metal Content in Tattoo and Permanent Makeup Inks and European Standards-Is There Still a Health Risk?Toxics · 2025Article
- Tattoo Ink Metal Nanoparticles: Assessment of Toxicity In Vitro and with a Novel Human Ex Vivo Model.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Tattooed human in vitro skin model for testing the biocompatibility of tattoo inks and healing progression after tattooing.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Are Tattoos Safe in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus? Results From a Single-Center Study.Dermatology practical & conceptual · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
After tattoo application, inks remain in the skin, mostly in the dermal layer, and manufacturers use inks that have not been adequately evaluated for safety in tattoo production. In this study, the metal contents (Cd, Hg, Pb, and Cr) of tattoo inks available in the Turkish market were determined and the relationship between cell viability and inflammatory response of the detected metal levels was investigated. Nine tattoo inks (3 colors) from 3 different brands abbreviated as E, I, and W were examined. ICP-MS was used for element analysis. The viability of human keratinocyte cells was determined by the WST-1 assay following ink exposures at various dilutions. IL-18 levels were measured in cell culture supernatant by ELISA method following ink or metal (Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb) exposures. The concentrations of trace elements were found in inks as follows: Cd, 0.0641-1.3857; Hg, 0.0204-0.2675; Pb, 0.8527-6.5981; Cr, 0.1731-45.3962 µg mL
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.