Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38036763›Full record

ArticleForensic science, medicine, and pathology2024

Two case reports of fatal injuries sustained from tear gas guns loaded with pebbles as missiles.

Hisham Zein-Elabdin, Maha A Ghanem

Abstract readCase Reports
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Forensic science, medicine, and pathology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
0.8field-weighted citation impact, top 26% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Hisham Zein-ElabdinForensic Medicine Corporation and Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Department Faculty of Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Omdurman, Sudan.
Maha A GhanemForensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Doctorate Degree of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. ghanemmaha63@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8837-2399
Alexandria University · EGUniversity of Science and Technology Omdurman · SD

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

These two case reports are of fatal injuries from less-lethal weapons (tear gas guns) using pebbles as an unconventional ammunition. Reported here are the fatal outcomes of two 19-year-old males, one with head trauma and the other with abdominal trauma. They were admitted to the ED and subjected to immediate exploratory operations, but they passed away. On autopsy, the first case demonstrated a right frontal bone fracture with subdural hemorrhage and a 3 × 2.5 cm pebble retained in the skull. The second case showed severe liver laceration in close vicinity to a cubical pebble (3.2 × 3 cm). The mechanical forces involved in skull fracture and autopsy are discussed. In the current cases, the relatively larger weight and size together with the surface configuration of the pebble projectile were the main influential factors that contributed to the severity of damage and fatality.These case reports are a working example of the effect of the mass of projectiles in increasing the power of penetration. The direct shooting to the head and the abdomen together with the misuse of these weapons are capable of inflicting fatal injuries.

Indexed as

Abdominal InjuriesForeign BodiesHead Injuries, PenetratingWounds, GunshotFatal OutcomeHematoma, SubduralHumansLacerationsLiverMaleSkull FracturesTear GasesYoung AdultTear GasesCraniocerebral traumaForensic BallisticsLess-lethal weaponsLiver lacerationStoneTear gas guns

Identifiers

PMID38036763
OpenAlexW4389172622

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.