ArticleTobacco induced diseases2023
Smoking history and breast cancer risk by pathological subtype: MCC-Spain study.
Article in Tobacco induced diseases, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of smoking on subtypes and molecular profile of breast cancer: a systematic review.Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy · 2026Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of smoking and breast cancer risk: by age of smoking initiation.Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan) · 2025Pooled it
- Risk Factors for Estrogen Receptor Subtype-Specific Contralateral Breast Cancer in Women Under Age 55 Years.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Mortality and morbidity burden associated with smoking: evidence from a 1.6 million cohort in Hong Kong.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Modifiable and Nonmodifiable Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Scoping Review.International journal of breast cancer · 2026Review
- The effect of smoking on breast cancer screening results in female population: a study in Wu wei, China.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Molecular Subtypes and Mechanisms of Breast Cancer: Precision Medicine Approaches for Targeted Therapies.Cancers · 2025Review
- Breast cancer burden in the United States (1990-2021) with a 15-year forecast: a comprehensive analysis based on the global burden of disease 2021.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
23 authors at 12 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionThe role of cigarette smoking on breast cancer risk remains controversial, due to its dual carcinogenic-antiestrogenic action.
methodsIn the population-based multi-case-control study (MCC-Spain), we collected epidemiological and clinical information for 1733 breast cancer cases and 1903 controls, including smoking exposure. The association with breast cancer, overall, by pathological subtype and menopausal status, was assessed using logistic and multinomial regression models.
resultsSmokers had higher risk of premenopausal breast cancer, particularly if they had smoked ≥30 years (AOR=1.75; 95% CI: 1.04-2.94), although most estimates did not achieve statistical significance. In contrast, among postmenopausal women, smoking was associated with lower risk of breast cancer, mainly in overweight and obese women. The strongest risk reductions were observed among postmenopausal women who had stopped smoking ≥10 years before cancer diagnosis, particularly for HER2+ tumors (AOR=0.28; 95% CI: 0.11-0.68); p for heterogeneity = 0.040). Also, those who had smoked <10 pack-years (AOR=0.68; 95% CI: 0.47-0.98) or 10-25 pack-years (AOR=0.62; 95% CI: 0.42-0.92) during their lifetime were at a reduced risk of all breast cancer subtypes (p for heterogeneity: 0.405 and 0.475, respectively); however, women who had smoked more than 25 pack-years showed no reduced risk.
conclusionsMenopausal status plays a key role in the relationship between tobacco and breast cancer for all cancer subtypes. While smoking seems to increase the risk in premenopausal woman, it might be associated to lower risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women with excess weight.
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