ArticleCyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)2023
Analysis of Rowing Force of the Water Strider Middle Leg by Direct Measurement Using a Bio-Appropriating Probe and by Indirect Measurement Using Image Analysis.
Article in Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
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- An efficient camouflaged image segmentation with modified UNet and attention techniques.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Dynamic Coherent Diffractive Imaging with Modulus Enforced Probe and Low Spatial Frequency Constraints.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- An effectiveness of machine learning models for estimate the financial cost of assistive services to disability care in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- AI-Optimized Lattice Structures for Biomechanics Scaffold Design.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- An efficient algorithm for data transmission certainty in IIoT sensing network: A priority-based approach.PloS one · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Rowing force of the middle leg of a water strider is one of the important factors affecting water repellency and applications in biomimetics, biomechanics, and biology. However, many previous studies have been based on estimated leg rowing force and lack some credibility. Therefore, we tried to measure leg rowing force directly by a force transducer. In this article, we report the rowing force of water striders obtained by direct and indirect measurements. In the direct measurement, water striders were set onto a sensor system and the rowing force of a middle leg of the set water striders was directly measured using a bio-appropriating probe (BAP), a kind of hook. In the indirect measurement, water striders were not fixed and the rowing force of locomoting water striders was evaluated by image analysis using a high-speed camera. As a result, we determined the rowing force by the direct measurement to be 955 μN, while the rowing force by the indirect measurement was 493 μN. We considered that the indirect measurement might lack some credibility because half the propellant energy was lost in the indirect force measurement due to various other factors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.