ReviewFrontiers in global women's health2023
Level of episiotomy practice and its disparity among primiparous and multiparous women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Review in Frontiers in global women's health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Primary Carcinomas of the Episiotomy Scar Site: A Systematic Literature Review.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2025Pooled it
- Episiotomy practice and perineal outcomes in low risk vaginal deliveries: comparing a hospital attached birth center and delivery suite in Beirut, Lebanon.Future science OA · 2026Article
- Review
- The episiotomy self-efficacy scale: a scale development study.BMC nursing · 2025Article
- The prevalence of episiotomy and associated factors at Shahrara Teaching Hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- [Frequency of episiotomy practice in an institution in Quito, Ecuador 2009-2022].Revista colombiana de obstetricia y ginecologia · 2024Article
- Analysis of Maternal Positions during the Dilation and Expulsive Phase and Their Relationship with Perineal Injuries in Eutocic Deliveries Attended by Midwives.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Episiotomy at the time of vaginal birth is a common lifesaving surgical procedure. In Ethiopia, several studies have been conducted concerning the proportion of episiotomy. However, its prevalence varies across these series of studies. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the level of episiotomy practice and its disparity among primiparous and multiparous women in Ethiopia. Methods: This systematic review was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guideline. We systematically searched the PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Science Direct databases for studies conducted in Ethiopia focusing on episiotomy. We included all cross-sectional studies published until October 5,2022. Data were analyzed using R version 4.2.1 software. The pooled estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were presented using forest plots. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted on extracted crude rates to calculate the national and regional pooled estimates for the country. The Results: Our search yielded 390 articles. A total of 13 studies covering five administrative regions and 6,404 women who delivered vaginally were involved. The mean age of the study participants ranged from 22 to 27.7 years. The estimated overall pooled prevalence rate of episiotomy in Ethiopian women was 42.75% (95% CI: 34.97%-50.54%). In the subgroup analysis, the pooled prevalence rate of episiotomy was 61.45% (95% CI: 51.11%-71.80%) among primiparous women. Meanwhile, the pooled estimate appears to be approximately 30.47% (95% CI: 22.08%-38.85%) among multiparous women. Conclusion: Our findings concluded that the pooled prevalence rate of episiotomy was higher than the evidence-based WHO recommendations for optimal patient care. Parallel to this, nulliparous women had a higher episiotomy rate than multiparous women. These findings highlight the importance of continued training for labor ward staff, particularly healthcare providers who often perform the majority of deliveries.
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