ArticleCureus2023
Updates on Diversity Among Cardiology-Related Fellowships.
Article in Cureus, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Disparities in Osteopathic Representation Within Gastroenterology Fellowships.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Within the United States (US) medical system, diversity in healthcare is a growing concern although studies have shown improved patient outcomes when healthcare teams are diverse. We were interested in cardiology-related fellowships from internal medicine and surgical specialties to understand how females, osteopaths (DOs), and non-US graduates were represented compared to males, allopathic medical doctors (MD), and US-graduated peers. We obtained data about accredited cardiology fellowship programs from the Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database Access System (FRIEDA™) for 2022-2023 and determined statistical significance for male/female, DO/MD, and US/non-US graduate status by reviewing program sites. Statistical analysis utilized SAS Studio 3.8, version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) and Wilson score for confidence intervals. Cardiology-related fellowships from internal medicine and surgery backgrounds showed generalized marked disparities (p<0.001) with only a couple of exceptions. For Interventional Cardiology, non-US graduates were well represented (p=0.3775), and for Heart Failure & Transplant Cardiology, females were represented equally (p=0.0863). For all other specialties and values, females, DOs, and non-US graduates were underrepresented. Despite conversations about diversity, underrepresentation persists. We encourage further steps to address barriers preventing underrepresented groups from advancing to their full potential in leadership and careers. Increasing diversity promotes competence, empathy, communication, and inclusive patient care.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.