ArticleFrontiers in medicine2023
Indoor and outdoor human behavior and myopia: an objective and dynamic study.
Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Influence of outdoor time on the spherical equivalent and axial length in childhood myopia: A meta-analysis.Acta ophthalmologica · 2025Pooled it
- Refractive status, visual behaviour, and parental myopia in Portuguese schoolchildren and adolescents.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Classifying Indoor Versus Outdoor Environments Using the Actiwatch Spectrum PRO | A 1000 Lux Threshold is Questionable.Current eye research · 2026Article
- Influence of light on myopia-a review.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Review
- Optical and Visual Diet in Myopia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Review
- The association between smartphone use and myopia progression in children: a prospective cohort study.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Significance: Myopia holds significant public health concern given its social, ocular disease and economic burdens. Although environmental factors are primarily to blame for the rapid rise in prevalence, key risk factors remain unresolved. Purpose: The aim of this study was to objectively characterize, using a wearable technology, the temporal indoor and outdoor behavioral patterns and associated environmental lighting characteristics of young myopic and nonmyopic University students. Methods: Participants were recruited to continuously wear an Actiwatch for 3 weeks, during either or both academic and non-academic periods. The device allows continuous recording of activity and incident light. Recorded illuminance levels were used as a proxy for outdoors (>1,000 lux), with the dynamics (interval frequency and duration) of indoor and outdoor activities, as well as lighting characteristics derived. In addition, participant input regarding near work was obtained daily. Participants were classified by both myopia and axial length status (based on collected refractive error and biometry data) for the purpose of data analysis. Result: A total of 55 students, aged 18 to 25 years of age, participated. Overall, the dosing of indoor and outdoor activities was similar across participants, regardless of myopia status, during the academic period. Nonetheless, an apparent difference in the timing of outdoor activities was noted with myopes going outdoors later in the day, particularly during the weekend ( Conclusion: While the findings from this cohort of young adult students did not reveal substantial myopia-related differences in behavior, the power of a more objective and dynamic approach to quantifying behavior cannot be understated, providing argument for general adoption of wearable technologies in future clinical myopia studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.