ArticleSchizophrenia bulletin2024
Childhood Adversity Determines the Syndemic Effects of Violence, Substance Misuse, and Sexual Behavior on Psychotic Spectrum Disorder Among Men.
Article in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intersecting Epidemics: Examining the Impact of Internalized Homophobia and Depression Symptoms on HIV Testing Through a Suicide Syndemic Among Young Black Men Who Have Sex with Men.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Testing syndemic models along pathways to psychotic spectrum disorder: implications for population-level preventive interventions.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
background and hypothesisChildhood adversity (CA) increases the risk for several adult psychiatric conditions. It is unclear why some exposed individuals experience psychotic symptoms and others do not. We investigated whether a syndemic explained a psychotic outcome determined by CA. STUDY
designWe used self-reported cross-sectional data from 7461 British men surveyed in different population subgroups. Latent class analysis (LCA) identified categorical psychopathological outcomes. LCs were tested by interaction analysis between syndemic factors derived from confirmatory factor analysis according to CA experiences. Pathway analysis using partial least squares path modeling.
resultsA 4-class model with excellent fit identified an LC characterized by both psychotic and anxiety symptoms (class 4). A syndemic model of joint effects, adducing a 3-component latent variable of substance misuse (SM), high-risk sexual behavior (SH), violence and criminality (VC) showed synergy between components and explained the psychotic outcome (class 4). We found significant interactions between factor scores on the multiplicative scale, specific only to class 4 (psychosis), including SM × SH, SH × VC, and SM × VC (OR > 1, P < .05); and on the additive scale SM × SH (relative excess risk due to interaction >0, P < .05), but only for men who experienced CA.
conclusionMultiplicative synergistic interactions between SM, SH, and VC constituted a mechanism determining a psychotic outcome, but not for anxiety disorder, mixed anxiety disorder/depression, or depressive disorder. This was specific to men who had experienced CA along direct and syndemic pathways. Population interventions should target SM and VC in adulthood but prioritize primary prevention strategies for CA.
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