Trial reportJournal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP2023
Metformin Versus Insulin for Gestational Diabetes: Cognitive and Neuropsychological Profiles of Children Aged 9 years.
Trial report in Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Metformin Exposure in Pregnancy and Childhood Developmental Outcomes.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- GDM-Related Neurodevelopmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders in the Mothers and Their Progeny, and the Underlying Mechanisms.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- Higher initial levothyroxine doses and very early treatment start may lead to better cognitive outcomes in children with congenital hypothyroidism.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveWe compared cognitive profile and neuropsychological performance in 9-year-old offspring of mothers who were treated with metformin or insulin for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
methodsA total of 172 children whose mothers were randomly assigned to receive either metformin or insulin for GDM were studied at the age of 9 years. Of these children, 127 were from Turku, Finland (63 metformin and 64 insulin), and 45 from Oulu, Finland (19 metformin and 26 insulin). Clinical and demographic background characteristics were obtained at enrolment, birth, and 9-year follow-up. Cognitive profiles were examined at age 9 years with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Neuropsychological functions were examined with 2 subtests of the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment test battery assessing comprehension of instructions and narrative memory, Trail Making Test assessing attention and with Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning, including parent-rated and teacher-rated evaluations. Academic functioning was studied with reading fluency subtest of the Screening test for reading, writing, and calculus for first to sixth grades and information about educational support received at school reported by parents.
resultsThe cognitive profiles, including indexes of verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed, did not differ significantly between metformin-treated and insulin-treated groups. Significant differences were not found between the treatment groups in assessed neuropsychological functions, reading fluency, or received level of support at school.
conclusionCognitive and neuropsychological outcomes were similar in 9-year-old children whose mothers had either metformin or insulin treatment of GDM.
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