ReviewImmunity, inflammation and disease2023
Recurrent diphtheria outbreaks in Nigeria: A review of the underlying factors and remedies.
Review in Immunity, inflammation and disease, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Epidemiology and clinical profile of suspected diphtheria cases in the Governorate of Ibb, Yemen: a 6-year retrospective analysis (2020-2025).IJID regions · 2026Article
- CLINICO-Demographic Profile and Outcomes of Hospitalised Children With Diphtheria in A Tertiary Care Hospital of Peshawar.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2026Article
- The menace and outcome of severe acute malnutrition and diphtheria cases among paediatric under-five in-patients at Nguru North - east Nigeria.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Epidemiological trend and clinical features of diphtheria in Hajjah Governorate, Yemen: a seven-years retrospective analysis (2018-2024).BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Early Detection and Surveillance of Infectious Disease Outbreaks in Nigeria : Integrating Nigerian Pidgin English (NPE) into the EPIWATCHJournal of medical systems · 2026Article
- A cross-sectional study of seroprevalence in Armenia, 2025: measles, mumps, rubella, and diphtheria.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Acute kidney injury in hospitalized children with diphtheria in northwestern Nigeria: incidence and hospitalization outcomes.Renal failure · 2025Article
- Diphtheria outbreak in Somalia: a weekly sitrep on the recent health crisis-2025.Tropical medicine and health · 2025Article
- Clinical presentation and predictors of hospital mortality of diphtheria in Nigeria, July 2023 to April 2024: a single-center study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Observational
- Diphtheria antitoxin treatment: from pioneer to neglected.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2025Review
- Global burden of diphtheria, 1990-2021: a 204-country analysis of socioeconomic inequality based on SDI and DTP3 vaccination differences before and after the COVID-19 pandemic (GBD 2021).Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Evaluation of diphtheria surveillance system in Kaduna State, Nigeria, July 2023 - December 2023.Journal of public health in Africa · 2025Article
- Article
- Eleven-Year Report of High Number of Diphtheria Cases in Children in East Java Province, Indonesia.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2024Article
- Balto and Togo during the cold winter of Alaska (1925): the two canine heroes in the fight against diphtheria.Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene · 2024Article
- Recurrent diphtheria outbreaks in Nigeria: A review of the underlying factors and remedies.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Review
- Putting Out the Fire before it becomes an Inferno: Responding to an Outbreak of Diphtheria in Edo State, Nigeria.Nigerian medical journal : journal of the Nigeria Medical AssociationReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionThe introduction of the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine into childhood immunization programs resulted in its widespread elimination in high-income countries. However, Nigeria is currently experiencing an outbreak. The primary cause of diphtheria outbreaks and its high mortality rates in Nigeria was waning herd immunity due to low DTP coverage and a lack of diphtheria antitoxin (DAT), respectively. However, the underlying causes of Nigeria's low DTP coverage and DAT supply remain unknown.
methodRelevant studies and reports included in our review were obtained by a search through Google Scholar, PubMed, and organization websites using the terms "Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus vaccine OR Diphtheria antitoxin and Nigeria OR Diphtheria Outbreak." All articles considering diphtheria outbreaks, DTP vaccine, and DAT supply in Nigeria were considered without time restriction due to the paucity of data. We used the narrative synthesis approach to critically appraise, analyze, and draw inferences from the selected articles.
resultsThe main causes of low DTP coverage are insufficient supply, an inefficient cold chain system, and low uptake due to poor health literacy and negative sociocultural and religious beliefs, whereas the key barriers to DAT availability are insufficient production by pharmaceutical industries because of low demand and priority.
conclusionThe underlying causes of Nigeria's low DTP coverage and DAT supply are multifactorial. Both short-term and long-term measures are needed to control this outbreak and prevent future occurrences.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.