ArticleScientific reports2023
Health hazards of particles in additive manufacturing: a cross-disciplinary study on reactivity, toxicity and occupational exposure to two nickel-based alloys.
Article in Scientific reports, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evaluating Dermal Bioactivity of Metal Additive Manufacturing Powders Using HumanChemical research in toxicology · 2026Article
- Review
- 3D printing: Balancing innovation for sustainability with emerging environmental and health risks.iScience · 2025Review
- Nickel-based nanomaterials: a comprehensive analysis of risk assessment, toxicity mechanisms, and future strategies for health risk prevention.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- Oxide-Perovskites for Automotive Catalysts Biotransform and Induce Multicomponent Clearance and Hazard.ACS nano · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The increasing use of additive manufacturing (AM) techniques (e.g., 3D-printing) offers many advantages but at the same time presents some challenges. One concern is the possible exposure and health risk related to metal containing particles of different sizes. Using the nickel-based alloys Hastelloy X (HX) and Inconel 939 (IN939) as a case, the aim of this cross-disciplinary study was to increase the understanding on possible health hazards and exposure. This was done by performing in-depth characterization of virgin, reused and condensate powders, testing in vitro toxicity (cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress), and measuring occupational airborne exposure. The results showed limited metal release from both HX and IN939, and slightly different surface composition of reused compared to virgin powders. No or small effects on the cultured lung cells were observed when tested up to 100 µg/mL. Particle background levels in the printing facilities were generally low, but high transient peaks were observed in relation to sieving. Furthermore, during post processing with grinding, high levels of nanoparticles (> 100,000 particles/cm
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