ArticleMedical physics2024
Direct energy binning for photon counting detectors: Simulation study.
Article in Medical physics, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Understanding Photon-Counting CT: Physics, Detector Technology, and Image Reconstructions.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Optimizing energy settings in CdTe, CZT, and Si photon-counting CT for material separation and detection.Physics in medicine and biology · 2026Article
- The potential of scintillator-based photon counting detectors: evaluation using Monte Carlo simulations.Proceedings of SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering · 2025Article
- Imaging performance of a LaBrMedical physics · 2025Article
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2 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundPhoton counting detectors (PCDs) for x-ray computed tomography (CT) face spectral distortion from pulse pileup and charge sharing. The photon counting scheme used by many PCDs is threshold-subtract (TS) with pulse height analysis (PHA), where each counter counts up-crossing events when pulses exceed an energy threshold. PCD data are not Poisson-distributed due to charge sharing and pulse pileup, but the counting statistics have never been studied yet. PURPOSE: The objectives of this study were (1) to propose a modified photon counting scheme, direct energy binning (DB), that is expected to be robust against pulse pileup; (2) to assess the performance of DB compared to TS; and (3) to evaluate its counting statistics.
methodsWith DB scheme, counter k starts a timer upon an up-crossing event of energy threshold k, and adds a count only if the next higher energy threshold (k+1) was not crossed within a short time window (hence, the pulse peak belongs to the energy bin k). We used Monte Carlo (MC) simulation and assessed count-rate curves and count-rate-dependent spectral imaging task performance for conventional CT imaging as well as water thickness estimation, water-bone material decomposition, and K-edge imaging with tungsten as the K-edge material. We also assessed count-rate-dependent measurement statistics such as expectation, variance, and covariance of total counts as well as energy bin outputs. The agreement with counting statistics models was also evaluated.
resultsThe DB scheme improved the count-rate curve, that is, mean measured counts as a function of input count-rate, and peaked with 59% higher count-rate capability than the TS scheme (3.5 × 10
conclusionsThe proposed DB scheme had several advantages over TS. At low to moderate flux, DB could improve the resilience of PCDs to pulse pileup. Counting statistics deviated from the Poisson distribution due to charge sharing for lower count-rate conditions and pulse pileup for higher count-rate conditions.
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