ArticleScientific reports2023
The effects of active and passive smoking on selected trace element levels in human milk.
Article in Scientific reports, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chemical Components in the Breast Milk of Passive Smoker Women: A Systematic Review and Health Risks Assessment.Biological trace element research · 2025Pooled it
- Maternal and Indoor Smoking Are Associated with Increased Risk of Acute Respiratory Infection in Under-Five Children: A Meta-Analysis of National Survey Data from Eight Asia-Pacific Countries.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Human Milk as a Biomonitor of Toxic Metal Exposure: Sources, Transfer Mechanisms, and Implications for Infant Health-A Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Impact of Secondhand Smoke on the Biomineralization of Dental Enamel in Rats.Calcified tissue international · 2026Article
- Hair Trace Element Imbalance in Smokers with HFpEF: A Pilot Study of Micronutrient and Metal Homeostasis.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Levels, Exposure and Risk Assessment to Metals in Urine from Adult Population in Valencian Region (Spain).Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Effects of prenatal maternal smoking on placental IGF-1, leptin, and HPL expression and breastfeeding practices.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Association of blood essential and non-essential element levels with echocardiographic parameters among Saudi heart failure patients: a case-control study.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Relationships of the serum levels of toxic trace elements in pregnant women versus exposure to second-hand smoke.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Association between serum cotinine concentrations on red blood cell folate concentrations in pregnant women and the mediating role of lymphocytes: an NHANES Study.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- The Influence of Maternal Lifestyle Factors on Human Breast Milk Microbial Composition: A Narrative Review.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Association between secondhand smoke and liver injury among US non-smoking adults: Mediation analysis of body mass index in the NHANES.Tobacco induced diseases · 2024Article
- The effect of active and passive smoking during pregnancy on birth outcomes: A cohort study in Shanghai.Tobacco induced diseases · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Our study aimed to compare levels of six micro-elements and six potentially toxic elements in the breast milk of non-smoking women compared to those found in women who smoke tobacco and women exposed to second-hand smoke during pregnancy and lactation. This was a cross-sectional study conducted on 100 lactating women in western Iran. The studied subjects were in three groups: passive smokers, active smokers, and a control group. Concentrations of selected trace elements in breast milk (essential and non-essential metals) were determined using ICP-MS. Our results indicated that the parameters of education, fruit consumption, and cosmetics usage had a significant difference among the groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, for trace elements, the Kruskal-Wallis test was statistically significant for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) (p < 0.05). The post hoc Dunn test revealed a significant difference in the levels of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb between non-smoker and passive/active smoker groups (p < 0.05). Our findings illustrate that exposure to cigarette smoke can cause an increase in the level of potentially toxic elements in human milk, which is dangerous for the consumption of premature newborns, but more research is needed to evaluate the potential toxic mechanisms of toxic metals.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.